all blogs by rehan shaikh (BAIJ 1st Year)
Jeffrey C. Hall
Jeff Hall was born in
Brooklyn, New York, but spent most of his childhood years in the suburbs of
Washington, DC. He was an undergraduate at Amherst College in Massachusetts,
where he began to study genetic phenomena in Drosophila. He continued
in this vein as a graduate student at the University of Washington (Seattle).
When he subsequently became a postdoctoral researcher at the California
Institute of Technology (Pasadena, California), he made a lateral move into
neurogenetic studies of Drosophila (just as a
duck might make a lateral move à l'orange).
greatly influenced him especially by encouraging Hall to stay updated on recent events in the daily newspaper. As a good high school student, Hall planned to pursue a career in medicine. Hall began pursuing a bachelor's degree at Amherst College in 1963. However, during his time as an undergraduate student, Hall found his passion in biology
For his senior project, to gain experience in formal research, Hall began working with Philip Ives. Hall reported that Ives was one of the most influential people he encountered during his formative years.
Hall became fascinated with the study of Drosophila while working in Ives' lab, a passion that has permeated his research. Under the supervision of Ives, Hall studied recombination and translocation induction in Drosophila. The success of Hall's research pursuits prompted department faculty to recommend that Hall pursue graduate school at University of Washington in Seattle, where the entire biology department was devoted to genetics.
Michael Rose
Rose started his recording career as a solo artist for record
producers Yabby
You and Niney the Observer. He joined Black
Uhuru in 1977 after
the departure of Don Carlos and Garth
Dennis.
He led them to
international success in the early 1980s, having
written most of their popular
material. They won the first-
ever Grammy
Award for reggae in 1985 for the album Anthem,
with the
hallmark voice of Rose in the forefront.
Michael W . Young
Michael Warren
Young (born March 28, 1949) is an American biologist and
geneticist. He has dedicated over three decades to research studying
genetically controlled patterns of sleep and wakefulness within Drosophila melanogaster.During his
time at Rockefeller
University, his lab has made
significant contributions in the field of chronobiology by identifying key
genes associated with regulation of the internal clock responsible for
circadian rhythms.
He was able to elucidate
the function of the period gene, which
is necessary for the fly to exhibit normal sleep cycles. Young's lab is also
attributed with the discovery of the timeless and doubletimegenes, which makes proteins that are also necessary for
circadian rhythm. He was awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine along with Jeffrey C. Hall and Michael Rosbash "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms
controlling the circadian rhythm.
Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer who became the primary leader of India's independence movement. Better known as Mahatma Gandhi, he not only led India to independence from British rule but also inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world in several other countries. Best remembered for his employment of nonviolent means of civil disobedience, he led Indians in the Dandi Salt March to protest against the British-imposed salt tax and launched the Quit India Movement, a mass protest demanding "an orderly British withdrawal" from India.
Born into a religious family in British India, he was raised by parents who emphasized on religious tolerance, simplicity and strong moral values. As a young man he went to England to study law and later started working in South Africa. There he witnessed rampant acts of racism and discrimination which angered him greatly. He spent over two decades in South Africa over the period of which he developed a strong sense of social justice, and led several social campaigns. Upon his return to India he became active in the Indian Independence Movement, ultimately leading his motherland to independence from the British rule. He was also a social activist who campaigned for women’s rights, religious tolerance, and reduction of poverty.
In the late 1920s the British government appointed a new constitutional reform commission under Sir John Simon but did not include any Indian as its member. This infuriated Gandhi who pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta
Congress in December 1928 demanding the British government to grant India dominion status or face another non co-operation campaign aimed at attaining complete independence for the country.The British did not respond and thus the Indian National Congress decided to declare the independence of India—the Purna Swaraj. On 31 December 1929, the flag of India was unfurled at the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress and the independence of India was declared.
The Congress called on to the citizens to pledge themselves to civil disobedience until India attained complete independence.During that time, the British’s Salt Laws which prohibited Indians from collecting and selling salt and forced them to pay for heavily taxed British salt were in place. Gandhi launched the Salt March, a non-violent protest against the British-imposed tax on salt in March 1930.He led a march of 388 kilometers (241 miles) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself. He was joined by thousands of followers in this symbolic act of defiance against British rule. This led to his arrest and imprisonment along with over 60,000 of his followers. He continued playing an active role in the independence movement post his release.
The nationalist movement had gained much momentum by the time the World War II broke out in 1939. In the midst of the war, Gandhi launched another civil disobedience campaign, the Quit India Movement, demanding "an orderly British withdrawal" from India.He gave a speech launching the movement on August 8, 1942, calling for determined, but passive resistance.
Even though the movement received massive support, he also faced criticism from both pro-British and anti-British political groups. He was criticized for his strict refusal to support Britain in World War II, as some felt that it was unethical to not support Britain in its struggle against Nazi Germany.Despite the criticism, Mahatma Gandhi remained steadfast in his adherence to the principle of non- violence and called on all Indians to maintain disciple in their struggle for ultimate freedom. Within hours of his powerful speech, Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested by the British.
He was imprisoned for two years and released before the end of the war in May 1944The Quit India Movement became the most forceful movement in the history of the Indian independence struggle and is believed to have played a major role in securing the independence of India in 1947.
Tom Alter
Tom Alter, the son and grandson of American Presbyterian missionaries who first came to India in 1916, grew up in north India in the towns of Rajpur and Mussoorie, and studied at Woodstock School. It was while teaching at a school in Jagadhri, Haryana in the early 1970s that Alter picked honed his Hindi and fell in love with the movies, in specific Indian cinema. In that era television was not common in India and so most people went to the movies, often several times a week.
Alter was enamored by the films and in June 1972, after noticing a small classified ad in the newspaper, he enrolled at the prestigious prestigious Film and Television Institute of India of Pune. Alter was one of two people selected out of more than 1000 applicants that year and he learned his craft at the FTII, where he studied with the likes of Benjamin Gilani, Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi, Mithun Chakraborthy and others.
After graduating from FTII, Alter headed straight to Bombay and soon got his first break in the Dev-Anand starrer 'Sahib Bahadur' directed by Chetan Anand.
His first release, however, was Ramanand Sagar's 'Charas' in which he played the superstar Dharmendra's CID boss. Steady work came to Alter throughout the 1970s and 80s and he worked with luminaries such as V Shantaram, Raj Kapoor, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Manmohan Desai, Manoj Kumar and Satjajit Rai as well as a host of lesser-known directors.
He has also acted in regional cinema - Bengali, Assamese, Telegu, Tamil and Kumaoni films. Alter was witness to the coming of television to India and worked on the small screen in a number of popular serials, the biggest of which was the popular drama 'Junoon' which ran for five years. In it, he played the role of the mob lord Keshal Kalsi - KK, as he was famously known - and his performance earned rave reviews. During this same period Alter acted in the ensemble comedy 'Zabaan Sambhalke', another drama called 'Ghutan', and hosted the health-based talk show 'Mere Ghar Aana Zindagi'.
Some of his most famous movie roles have been as Musa in Vidhu Vinod Chopra's acclaimed crime drama 'Parinda', Mahesh Bhatt's blockbuster romance 'Aashiqui', and Ketan Mehta's 'Sardar', in which Alter essayed the role of Lord Mountbatten.
Alter has also accumulated a body of theatrical work, the most recent having been in the theatrical reproduction of William Dalrymple's 'City of Djinns' and the solo play 'Maulana', based on Maulana Azad for which he has received much critical acclaim. He has also received praise for his role in the art film 'Ocean of An Old Man', which has been screened at film festivals around the world. Among several international assignments was the opportunity to work with Peter O'Toole in the Hollywood film 'One Night With The King.
Newton
Newton is a 2017 Indian black comedy drama film co - written and directed by Amit V. Masurkar.The film stars National Award-winning Rajkummar Rao, Pankaj Tripathi, Anjali Patil and Raghubir Yadav.
The film is produced by Manish Mundra under Drishyam Films, known for the 2015 film Masaan, and the film is Amit Masurkar’s second feature after his debut film, Sulemani Keeda in 2013.
Newton Kumaar, a rookie government clerk is sent on election duty to a naxal-controlled town in the conflict-ridden jungles of Chhattisgarh, India. Faced with the apathy of security forces and the looming fear of guerrilla attacks by communist rebels, he tries his best to conduct free and fair voting despite the odds stacked against him.
He is disappointed when the voters do not turn up for the election. Later when a foreign reporter turns up at the polling station the security forces force the villagers from the constituency to turn up to cast their votes. Soon Newton realizes that they have no idea what the election is about.
He desperately tries to educate them but the security head pushes him aside and tells villagers that voting machine is a toy. The foreign reporter gets a good news report about India's democracy Newton wants to sit at the polling booth for the stipulated time but is forced to flee due to a naxal attack which he realises later was staged by the police.
On the way back he decides to collect votes of three villagers who suddenly turn up from nowhere inside the forest from which the security forces are escorting Newton back. The chief of security is reluctant to let them do so.
Taking his duty very seriously, Newton steals his gun and points it on the chief of forces till the villagers cast their votes. He even keeps him at gunpoint after their voting for the remaining two minutes of his official duty.
The security forces then beat him up out of frustration. The movie concludes with a shot of the area 6 months later, showing mining activity ongoing, the Chief of security is shown shopping and indulging his wife and daughter over a bottle of olive oil. Newton is shown in his office keeping up with his old ways before a visit by the local election officer Malko and they agree to have tea but as per rules followed by Newton in the lunch time.
Yashwant SInha
was born at
Patna, the capital city of Bihar, India on 6th November, 1937. He received his
school and university education at Patna. He obtained his Masters Degree in
Political Science in 1958 from Patna University. Mr. Sinha joined the elite
Indian Administrative Service in 1960 through a tough competitive examination
and spent over 24 years holding important posts during his service tenure, a
substantial part of which was spent in Finance & Commerce Departments.
Mr.
Sinha left the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) in 1984 and joined active
politics. He was elected to the Upper House (Rajya Sabha) of Indian Parliament
in 1988. Subsequently, he became the Finance Minister of India and held the
post from November, 1990 to June, 1991.
Mr. Sinha
was elected to the Lower House (Lok Sabha) of Indian Parliament in 1998 and
again became Finance Minister of India in March 1998. He continued in that
position until July 1, 2002. He was Finance Minister during a tumultuous period
in the world economy as well as in the Indian economy. Mr. Sinha is a widely
traveled person.
He was the first India to be elected Chairman of Development
Committee of the World Bank and the IMF in August, 2000 and facilitated
inter-governmental consensus building on developmental issues. He was elected
Chairman of the G-20, a group of systemically important countries from the
point of view of the world economy.
He was the
first Finance Minister from the non G-8 countries to chair this Committee. Mr.
Sinha was External Affairs Minister of India for two years from July 1, 2002 to
May, 2004. Mr. Sinha was re-elected to the Lower House (Lok Sabha) of Indian
Parliament in May 2009 and continued till May 2014. He was Chairman of the
Indian Parliament’s Standing Committee on External Affairs. He was also
Chairman of the Parliament’s Standing Committee on Finance.
Dakshinayam Ganesh Devy
Padma Shri Dr Ganesh Devy, literary critic, activist and one of the writers who returned their Sahitya Akademi Awards, is leaving Vadodara, his home of 36 years, to Dharwad in Karnataka.
Devy, founder and former director of the Bhasha Research and Publication Centre and the Adivasi Academy in Tejgadh, Gujarat, had spearheaded a first-of-its-kind study of tribal communities and led the research of 800 Indian languages through People’s Linguistic Survey of India in 2010. In this interview, he talks of his plans and a movement he has launched, Dakshinayan, and a conclave in Dandi on January 30. Excerpts:
Why this forum
My anxiety is also born out of the study of diminishing languages, not only made of words, but also diminishing understanding among people, societies, villages, cities, genders and those asking for rights and prosperity. For how long can we go on quarreling? There has to be a dialogue, a multilogue, a polyphony and this movement is a modest attempt. It will help understand one’s literary identity and that of being a citizen, within a pluralistic society. I am happy if that understanding develops.
Bridge between writers
All over the country there is a sharp divide between those who think that they are brilliant and those who think that they are not as brilliant. I am trying to go beyond this divide and bridge it. Thus, I had sent out an open appeal to writers to volunteer to join us. I reached out wherever I could reach.
How it works
Devy said writers from across the country have organised meetings in their respective states to promote the ideas of co-existence and exchange of ideas. A meeting in Aurangabad on February 6 will get together Marathi writers, while Goa’s writers and dramatists will support the movement with a public event. Devy said:
“These are writers from Goa who have been seeking a Konkani identity. They have decided to be more sensitive to Marathi and Kannada, their neighboring languages. That is a change in their dynamics. Similarly, Kannada has seen literature conflicts between the Lingayats and the Jains. But on February 8 and 9, a meeting in Dharwad will bring these literary schools of thought together. In Gujarat there will be several meetings. In every state the writers will hold meetings — they will talk to other creative persons in their states and develop an idea of what it means in Sarv Bhasha Samvad.”
On Dandi
“This is the first time that Gujarati writers met other writers from Karnataka and other states. They have realised they need to open up.” Devy said the biggest contingent of writers was from Gujarat with 176 registered participants, followed by 161 writers from Maharashtra, 19 from Goa and 97 from Karnataka, plus writers from Delhi, Bengal, Assam, Rajasthan, Andhra and other states.
G. N. Devy
Ganesh N. Devy or Devy, Ganesh Narayan Das ( 1 August 1950) formerly professor of English at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, a renowned literary critic and activist and is founder director of the Bhasha Research and Publication Center, Vadodara and Adivasi Academy at Tejgadh, Gujarat established to create a unique educational environment for the study of tribal communities.
He led the People's Linguistic Survey of India in 2010, which has researched and documented 780 Living Indian Languages.He was educated at Shivaji University, Kolhapur and the University of Leeds, UK. Among his many academic assignments, he has held fellowships at Leeds University and Yale University and has been a Jawaharlal Nehru Fellow (1994–96).
Since 2002, he was a professor at the Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology.(DA-IICT), Gandhinagar. As of now he has left DA-IICT and started his career again in Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda . From Baroda he moves to Dharwad to continue his map of the world's linguistic diversity.
He was awarded Padma Shri on 26 January 2014 in recognition of his work with denotified and nomadic tribes education and his work on dying-out languages. He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for After Amnesia, and the SAARC Writers’ Foundation Award for his work with denotified tribals. He has also won the reputed Prince Claus Award(2003) awarded by the Prince Claus Fund for his work for the conservation of the history, languages and views of oppressed communities in the Indian state of Gujarat. His Marathi book Vanaprasth has received six awards including the Durga Bhagwat Memorial Award and the Maharashtra Foundation Award. Along with Laxman Gaikwad and Mahashweta Devi, he is one of the founders of The Denotified and Nomadic Tribes Rights Action Group (DNT-RAG). He won the 2011 Linguapax Prize for his work for the preservation of linguistic diversity.
Dr.G. N. Devy returned his Sahitya Akademi Award in October 2015 as a mark of protest and in solidarity with other writers who sees a threat to Indian democracy, secularism and freedom of expression and "growing intolerance towards differences of opinion.
The Rohingya
Crises
Discriminatory policies of Myanmar’s government since the late 1970s have compelled hundreds of thousands of Muslim Rohingya to flee their homes in the predominantly Buddhist country. Most have crossed by land into Bangladesh, while others have taken to the sea to reach Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.
Renewed violence, including reported rape, murder, and arson in 2017, triggered a massive exodus of Rohingya amid charges of ethnic cleansing against Myanmar’s security forces. Those forces claim to be carrying out a campaign to reinstate stability in the western region of Myanmar.
Who are the Rohingya?
The Rohingya are an ethnic Muslim minority who practice a Sufi-inflected variation of Sunni Islam. A majority of the estimated one million Rohingya in Myanmar reside in Rakhine State, where they account for nearly a third of the population. They differ from Myanmar’s dominant Buddhist groups ethnically, linguistically, and religiously.
The Rohingya trace their origins in the region to the fifteenth century, when thousands of Muslims came to the former Arakan Kingdom. Many others arrived during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when Rakhine was governed by colonial rule as part of British India. Since independence in 1948, successive governments in Burma, renamed Myanmar in 1989, have refuted the Rohingya’s historical claims and denied the group recognition as one of the country’s 135 ethnic groups. The Rohingya are largely considered illegal immigrants from Bangladesh, even though many trace their roots in Myanmar back centuries.
Neither the central government nor Rakhine’s dominant ethnic Buddhist group, known as the Rakhine, recognize the label “Rohingya,” a self-identifying term [PDF] that surfaced in the 1950s, which experts say provides the group with a collective political identity. Though the etymological root of the word is disputed, the most widely accepted theory is that Rohang derives from the word “Arakan” in the Rohingya dialect and ga or gyameans “from.” By identifying as Rohingya, the ethnic Muslim group asserts its ties to land that was once under the control of the Arakan Kingdom, according to Chris Lewa, director of the Arakan Project, a Thailand-based advocacy group.
Why are the Rohingya fleeing Myanmar?
The Myanmar government has effectively institutionalized discrimination against the ethnic group through restrictions on marriage, family planning, employment, education, religious choice, and freedom of movement. For example, Rohingya couples in the northern towns of Maungdaw and Buthidaung are only allowed to have two children [PDF]. Rohingya must also seek permission to marry, which may require them to bribe authorities and provide photographs of the bride without a headscarf and the groom with a clean-shaven face, practices that conflict with Muslim customs. To move to a new home or travel outside their townships, Rohingya must gain government approval.
Moreover, Rakhine State is Myanmar’s least developed state, with a poverty rate of 78 percent, compared to the 37.5 percent national average, according to World Bank estimates. Widespread poverty, poor infrastructure, and a lack of employment opportunities in Rakhine have exacerbated the cleavage between Buddhists and Muslim Rohingya. This tension is deepened by religious differences that have at times erupted into conflict
Where are the Rohingya migrating?
- Bangladesh: Most Rohingya have sought refuge in nearby Bangladesh, which hosts tens of thousands of registered refugees. Hundreds of thousands of unregistered Rohingya refugees are also believed to live in the country, according to UN High Commissioner for Refugees estimates. Conditions in most of the country’s refugee camps are dire, driving many Rohingya there to risk a perilous voyage across the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia. In January 2017, Myanmar agreed to begin talks with Bangladesh on refugees, yet border posts in Bangladesh have at times forcibly returned Rohingya. Amid the refugee influx in September, Bangladesh announced that it would create special identity cards for Rohingya to help bring order to the surging migrant flow and expand the existing camps for refugees.
- Malaysia: As of August 2017, more than 88 percent of Malaysia’s 149,100 registered refugees were from Myanmar, including sixty-one thousand Rohingya, according to the United Nations. Rohingya who have arrived safely in Malaysia have no legal status and are unable to work, leaving their families cut off from access to education and health care.
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Swachh Vidyalaya is the national campaign driving ‘Clean India: Clean
Schools’. A key feature of the campaign is to ensure that every school in India
has a set of functioning and well maintained water, sanitation and hygiene
facilities. Water, sanitation and hygiene in schools refers to a combination of
technical and human development components that are necessary to produce a
healthy school environment and to develop or support appropriate health and
hygiene behaviours. The technical components include drinking water,
handwashing, toilet and soap facilities in the school compound for use by
children and teachers. The human development components are the activities that
promote conditions within the school and the practices of children that help to
prevent water, hygiene and sanitation related diseases.
The
provision of water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in school secures a
healthy school environment and protects children from illness and exclusion. It
is a first step towards a healthy physical learning environment, benefiting
both learning and health. Children who are healthy and well-nourished can fully
participate in school and get the most from the education. Hygiene education in
schools help promote those practices that would prevent water and sanitation
related diseases as well as encourage healthy behaviour in future generations
of adults. Girls are particularly vulnerable to dropping out of school,
partly because many are reluctant to continue their education when toilets and
washing facilities are not private, not safe or simply not available. When
schools have appropriate, gender-separated facilities, an obstacle to
attendance is removed. Thus having gender segregated toilets in schools
particularly matters for girls. Gender norms and physiology make privacy more
important for girls than boys, and biological realities mean that girls need
adequate sanitary facilities at school to manage menstruation. Basic facilities
that provide for good hygiene and privacy, along with sensitive health
promotion assist girls to stay in school and complete their education. Hygiene in school also supports school nutrition. The simple act of washing
hands with soap before eating the school mid day meal assists to break disease
transmission routes. Children get the nutritional benefits intended, rather
than ingesting bacteria, germs and viruses. Studies show that when hand washing
becomes part of a child’s daily routine the benefits to health are evident and
the practice does not easily fade.1 School is therefore an ideal setting for
teaching good hygiene behaviours that children can also carry home.
Having safe
water, toilet and hygiene facilities in schools promotes equity. All children
are equal in their right to access to safe drinking water, sanitation and
hygiene facilities, and all children gain benefits through the improved hygiene
practices promoted in schools. By providing gender-segregated toilets, students
are assured of privacy and dignity, a particularly important factor for girls’
school attendance. By providing inclusive and accessible facilities, children
with special needs are able to attend school and further contribute to the
development of their society. Having a clean school fosters a child’s pride
in his or her school and community. It enables every child become an agent of change
for improving water, sanitation and hygiene practices in their families and
within their community. School water and sanitation clubs encourage students to
participate in taking care of latrines and handwashing stations, and in
providing safe water where necessary. Club members create rotating lists of
responsibilities, sharing sanitation- and water-related chores among both boys
and girls. This also fosters pride and ownership, and it counteracts the belief
that these tasks are only for women and girls or particular social groups. Children with disabilities are also vulnerable to dropping out of school.
Accessible school facilities are a key to school attendance for children with
disabilities. An effective water, sanitation and hygiene programmes seeks to
remove barriers by promoting inclusive design – user-friendly, child-friendly
facilities that benefit all users, including adolescent girls, small children
and children who are sick or disabled. Toilets and handwashing facilities,for
example, need to be customised to fit children’s smaller size, and water,
sanitation and hygiene facilities that are traditionally designed for the
‘average’ child must consider the fact that children have a wide range of
abilities and needs. The most cost-effective way to improve access for all
children is to incorporate accessibility into the design from the outset,
rather than making expensive changes later. To make sure facilities are
accessible, it is essential to involve children with disabilities in the design
process. The cost of making inclusive facilities is minimal compared to the
costs of exclusion.
Make In
India
"If we have to put in use the education, the capability of the youth, we will have to go for manufacturing sector
and for this Hindustan also will have to lend its full strength, but we also invite world powers. Therefore I want
to appeal all the people world over, from the ramparts of the Red Fort, come, make in India, come,
manufacture in India. Sell in any country of the world but manufacture here. We have got skill, talent,
discipline, and determination to do something. We want to give the world a favourable opportunity that come
here, come, make in India…
Over the past several decades, the globalization of the manufacturing ecosystem
has driven more change and impacted the prosperity of more companies, nations
and people than at any time since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. Nations
around the world have taken part in and benefited from the rapid globalization of
industry and expansion of manufacturing. Globalization of manufacturing has
been a key driver of higher-value job creation and rising standard of living for the
growing middle class in emerging nation economies.
The Government of India has taken a number of steps to further encourage
investment and improve business climateIn Manufacturing . Make in India‟
mission is one such long term initiative which will help to realize the dream of
transforming India.
The make in India initiative started by government of India helps to facilitate
investment, foster innovation, enhance skill development, protect intellectual
property, build manufacturing infrastructure. For contribution of at least 25% of
GDP by 2022 in manufacturing sector growth should be 12-14% Per annum higher
than the GDP rate.
The share of manufacturing in India’s GDP has stagnated at 15-16% since 1980
while the share in comparable economies in Asia is much higher at 25 to 34%
The advancement of manufacturing capabilities is directly linked to increasing
economic prosperity for a nation and its citizens. Proper positioning and
movement within the product space determines the ability to accelerate
economic development. Emerging nations should focus on directing policy and
investing resources in building capabilities and in product groups
Conclusin : India has the capability to push its manufacturing contribution to GDP to 25% by
2025. Government has to act as the central pivot of aligning industries, private
companies, public sectors and all stakeholders in realizing this vision. Government
has to put policies in place be it sector reforms, labour reforms or the elimination
of business barriers. The Government of India has taken a number of steps to
further encourage investment and improve business climate. „Make in India‟
mission is one such long term initiative which will help to realize the dream of
transforming India into a „manufacturing hub‟. Hon’ble Prime Minister’s call for
„zero defect and zero effect‟ manufacturing resonates well with our industry as we
grow and produce for the world. India’s expanding economy offers equal
investment opportunities to domestic entrepreneurs and international players. It is
our responsibility to leverage emerging economy.
North Korea
Korea is a peninsular country in the northeastern corner of the Asian continent. Its territory,
which is now divided into North and South Korea, occupies 220,911 square kilometers, or 84,500 square
miles. Its size is comparable to the state of Minnesota in the United States, or to the combined area of
England, Scotland and Wales. The present population of both North and South Korea is approximately 68
million, about 10 million less than that of Germany. With about 45 million people, South Korea ranks as
the 26th most populated country in the world.
Korea is bounded to the north by two giant neighbors, China and Russia, and to the east and south
it faces the islands of Japan across a 120-mile strait. The United States, another Pacific power, maintains
significant strategic and economic stakes in South Korea, and both North and South Korea remain a
fulcrum of power politics among the great powers of the world
Korea belongs to the temperate zone. Its continental climate is determined by the winds that
sweep southward from Siberia and eastward from China across the Yellow Sea. There are four distinct
seasons: a hot and humid summer, a very cold winter, a warm spring and a cool autumn. Nearly all of
Korea is mountainous, and only a fifth of the land is arable. Its craggy but beautiful mountains, crisscrossed
by rivulets, have provided native artists with an enduring source of inspiration throughout the
ages.
Koreans are ethnically and linguistically distinct from the (Han) Chinese. The Korean people
belong to the Tungusic branch of the Mongoloid race. Their polysyllabic, agglutinative language is a
branch of the Altaic language family, which includes other tongues such as Turkish, Mongolian and
Japanese. The Chinese culture has had a profound impact on Korea; Chinese elements found in today's
Korean culture are a result of the Korean people's conscious and deliberate emulation of Chinese culture
from mainly the second century BCE to 1895 CE.
Various artifacts of Paleolithic provenance unearthed in Korea indicate that human beings
inhabited the peninsula from at least 500,000 BCE. It is premature to assume that these Paleolithic inhabitants
of the peninsula were the ancestors of the present-day Koreans. Most archaeologists agree, however,
that the semi-nomadic people who fashioned comb-marked and plain-brown pottery under the influence
of a Shamanistic culture during the Neolithic Age from about 3,000 to the eleventh century BCE, constitutes
the main branch of the race identified today as Korean
From the end of the 19th century to the end of World War II, Korea along with
China was tyrannized and terrorized by Japanese occupation. Koreans were told
they could not even speak their own language at home, women were forced into
prostitution and men into slave labor (even today there are towns in northern China
that are predominately Korean and a source of much tourism, especially between
South Korea and China). The best know Korean guerrilla fighter against Japan's
empire from the 1930s on, was Kim Il Sung. After the Japanese unconditional
surrender to the Americans following the first and only use to date of atom bombs
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, he became the popular, defacto leader of North Korea
with the help of Russian military support. No sooner than the Japanese
surrendered in 1945, the American and Russian allies began a "proxy fight" for
control of the Korean peninsula through their Korean friends in the north and south,
respectively. The Russians wished to prevent an American military presence on
continental Asia which could pose a future threat, so they refused to cooperate with
an American-backed UN team sent to Korea to set up an election for the Korean
people to elect a government in 1948. The election was held in the south, and
quickly followed by the Russians and Kim Il Sung in the north, thus creating the two
governments we have to this day.
To understand what happened next--the Korean War of 1950-53--and why that set
the path of both North and South Korea to the present day, we must broaden the
context past even China, Japan and the USA. The first half of the 20th century was
racked by two world wars, both begun by Germany. Germany was the last of the
great European military and economic powers to try to carve out a world empire for
themselves. For centuries European technological progress, fueled by the great
innovations of science and the wedding of military and industrial might, enabled
their governments to expand their control over other cultures and their
governments. The UK, French, and Russian empires had managed to reach a
rough equilibrium with each other and lesser European colonizers such as the
Dutch (the Netherlands) and the Belgians. But they had not with the Germans.
Doing what came habitually to Europeans in general, the Germans twice
proceeded to expand through intimidation and conquest into territories controlled
by other empires. Similarly, the Japanese, adopting German constitutional
structure, law, and military strategy, proceeded to do in China more forcefully what
had already been started by the Europeans half a century earlier, effectively
exercising suzerainty over large areas of China.
Manchester
At the beginning of the 19th century, the idea that the hilly districts standing
between the parishes of Vere and Clarendon in the East and St. Thomas in the
West could become a parish was conceived. It was this idea that started the
breaking up of the larger parishes – Clarendon, Vere and St. Elizabeth - to form
the new parish of Manchester in 1814. During the 18th century, coffee growing
started and the suitability of the atmosphere and terrain in these hilly districts
made coffee growing a success. It did not take long for many coffee growers to
begin populating this area and coffee growing began on a larger scale.
However, these coffee growers contended that they were isolated from the
capitals of the surrounding parishes of Vere, Clarendon and St. Elizabeth.
So on November 29, 1814, the residents of Mile
Gully, May Day and Carpenter’s Mountain, brought a
petition before the House of Assembly asking that a
new parish be established. They further requested
that the new parish be established with a town
capital that could provide them with facilities to carry
out their religious, civic, administrative and judicial
needs, as the closest public building was 40 miles
away. It was not until this petition was made by the
residents that these districts became constituted as a
separate parish, by law- Act 55 George III. c. 23, passed in 1814 to come into effect in 1815. This act stated that
the “hill country” comprising the Eastern portion of St. Elizabeth and the Western portions of the Parishes of
Vere and Clarendon be constituted as a separate parish. Named after the then Governor of colonial Jamaica,
the Duke of Manchester, the parish of Manchester finally came into being on December 13, 1814. The
Manchester Vestry, the governing body of the Parish, met for the first time July 4, 1816, where discussions were had regarding plans for the new parish as well as its capital. Their first order of duty was to begin plans for
the layout of a parish capital.
Historic sites / events in Manchester
St. Mark's Anglican Church - the Parish Church of Manchester
was completed and consecrated in 1820 and for many years
was the only church in the parish. During the slave rebellion of
1832 the organ loft was used as a jail.
Mandeville Court House - built in 1817 and constructed in the
Jamaica Georgian style. It is built of limestone blocks cut by slaves and was completed around 1820. It now
stands as one of the four original public buildings in the town. The first school in the parish was held on the
ground floor of this building.
Manchester Horticulture Show – held each year in May on Labour Day. It is hosted by the Manchester
Horticultural Society which was founded in 1865 and is one of the oldest such organizations in the world.
Maidstone – is among the first communities in Jamaica to be set up as a free village and was originally a coffee
plantation owned by Thomas Frith. In 1840 the Nazareth Moravian Church, located at Adam's Valley, bought
341 acres of the estate and subdivided them into lots of 1 to 15 acres, establishing a free village for former
enslaved Africans.
Bloomfield Great House - situated on a property formerly known as the Bloomfield Estate. Bill Laurie’s Steak
House is now operated at this property.
Marlborough Great House – said to have been built in 1795 and designed by a Scottish architect named
Forsyth.
Roxborough - birthplace of National Hero, the Right Excellent Norman Washington Manley; it was originally a
part of an estate recorded as "Roxbro Castle". It is now owned by the Jamaica National Heritage Trust and has
been restored to accommodate a museum.
Manchester Club Golf Course - Built in 1865, is believed to be the oldest surviving club in the western
hemisphere.
Greenvale Railway Station – was built around 1892.
Williamsfield Railway Station – was built around 1891 and has elements of the Jamaica/Georgian architectural
style.
Mandeville Jail and Workhouse – among the first buildings erected in the parish. The police station is now
housed there.
Mandeville Rectory – the private residence that now stands to the left of the Mandeville court house was
originally the rectory. The oldest house in Mandeville was rented out as tavern in 1820 because it was felt that
the location was too public for a rectory. Later it was used as a guest house called the Grove Hotel.
Mandeville Hotel – located on Hotel Street and was originally the barracks for English troops when Mandeville
was a garrison. After the troops left in the 1890s the building was used as a hotel first called the Waverly, later
Brooks Hotel then finally the Mandeville.
President
Cup
The Presidents Cup is a series of men's golf matches between a team representing the United States and an International Team representing the rest of the world minus Europe competes against the United States in a similar but considerably older event, the Ryder Cup.
The Presidents Cup has been held biennially since 1994.Initially it was held in even numbered years, with the Ryder Cup being held in odd numbered years. However, the cancellation of the 2001 Ryder Cup due to the September 11 attacks pushed both tournaments back a year, and the Presidents Cup is now held in odd numbered years. It is hosted alternately in the United States and in countries represented by the International Team
The scoring system of the event is match play. The format is drawn from the Ryder Cup and consists of 12 players per side. Each team has a non-playing captain, usually a highly respected golf figure, who is responsible for choosing the pairs in the doubles events, which consist of both alternate shot and best ball formats (also known as "foursome" and "fourball" matches respectively). Each match, whether it be a doubles or singles match, is worth one point with a half-point awarded to each team in the event of a halved match.
There have been frequent small changes to the format, although the final day has always consisted of 12 singles matches. The contest was extended from three days to four in 2000. In 2015, there were a total of 9 foursome doubles matches, 9 fourball doubles matches, and 12 singles matches. With a total of 30 points, a team needed to get 15.5 points to win the Cup.
Ranji Trophy
The Ranji Trophy is a domestic first-class cricket championship played in India between teams representing regional cricket
associations. The competition currently consists of 28 teams, with 21 of the 29 states in India and Delhi having at least one representation. The competition is
named after first Indian cricketer who played international cricket, Ranjitsinhji, who was also known as "Ranji". He played for
England and Sussex. Gujarat is the current Ranji Trophy champion, having beaten
Mumbai by 5 wickets in the final of the 2016–17 season held in Holkar Stadium, Indore.
The competition was launched as "The Cricket Championship of India" following a meeting of the Board of Control for Cricket in India in July 1934 with the first fixtures taking place in 1934–35. The trophy was donated by Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala.The first match of the competition was held on 4 November 1934 between Madras and Mysore at Chepauk. M. J. Gopalan of Madras bowled the first ball to N. Curtis. The first Ranji Trophy Championship was won by Bombay after they defeated North India in the final. Mumbai (formerly Bombay) have won the tournament the most number of times with 41 wins including 15 back-to-back wins from 1958–59 to 1972–73.
State teams and cricket associations and clubs with first-class status are qualified to play in the Ranji Trophy. While most associations are regional, like the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association and Mumbai Cricket Association, two, Railways and Services, are pan-Indian
Current Team :
Andhra
Assam
Baroda
Bengal
Chhattisgarh
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Hyderabad
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka/Mysore
Kerala/Travancore-Cochin
Madhya Pradesh/Madhya
Bharat/Holkar/Central India
Maharashtra
Mumbai/Bombay
Odisha
Punjab
Railways
Rajasthan/Rajputana
Saurashtra/Nawanagar
Services/Army
Tamil Nadu/Madras
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh/United
Provinces
Vidarbha
Special Investigation Team
In 1960s, the increase of serious criminal cases such as aircraft hijacking, piracy and bombing became a serious problem in Japan. The kidnapping case of Yoshinobu Murakoshi, a child only four years in age, raised significant questions to solve these kind of cases.In this case a legendary detective, sent the criminal into the capital punishment, but it was too late to save the victim.
All unit are established in the First Investigation Divisions of each Prefectural Police Departments.These units are generally local-based, so organizations (including their unit names) and equipment are varied. Among them, the Special Investigations Team (SIT) of the TMPD and the Martial Arts Attack Team (MAAT) of the Osaka Prefectural Police are the front-runner,so in hostage cases in rural areas, the NPA order these units to dispatch reinforcements to the relevant Prefectural Police. These urban units are platoon-size, but some rural units are only fireteam-size, so in case of SWAT operations, these unit can be reinforced by detectives of Mobile Investigation Unit primary reaction units for initial criminal investigations.
For manhunt missions, detectives of these units are well acquainted with many technique and technology such as telephone tapping, surveillance, and crisis negotiation.And in order to restrain violent offenders quickly, they also have tactical capabilities. In addition to standard service handguns.
Diwali
Deepavali or Diwali that falls on a moonless night
in the month of Kartika (October-November) is
widely celebrated all over India embracing all
sections and communities. Diwali is derived from
‘Dipavali’a Sanskrit word which means row of
lights. Light represents strength and darkness
weakness. The demonical forces which are at
work within ourselves destroying the strength and
purity of our lives are the symbols of darkness. In
Brihadaranyak Upanishad there is a prayer.
Asoto ma sad gamaya
Tamaso ma Jyotirgamaya
Mrutorma amrutam gamaya.
(From the unreal, lead me to the real
From the darkness, lead me to light
From death, lead me to immortality).
Thus the Upanishad explains unreal and
darkness means death and real and light means
immortality. Troubled by the forces of staticity and
darkness human beings seek light for their
deliverance. The lamps of Diwali are meant as
symbols, as a means of end. But, what is this end ?
What is the real darkness, which must be
dispelled ? It is the darkness within us, the
darkness, which must be dispelled ? It is the
darkness within us, the darkness of ignorance of
selfishness of duality that has to be eliminated.
There are different legends associated
with this festival. It was celebrated in Ajodhya as
Lord Ramachandra’s victory over Ravana of
Lanka and safe return from 14 years of exile to
his capital Ajodhya. The people of Ajodhya
burning the lams of earthen pots of ghee
welcomed Ramachandra. Since then, people have
been celebrating the festival to commemorate
Rama’s Victory over Ravana with same
enthusiasm. In Assam region this festival is related
to the killing of demon Natakasura by Lord
Krishna.
Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankar
attained his Nirvana on the day of deepavali at
Pavapuri. His disciples surrounded him and were
in tears saying, ‘Don’t leave us’. Mahavira
advised them not to grieve but to light the lamp within their heart and conquer the darkness
surrounding them. Thus, the Jain devotees
celebrate this festival with great enthusiasm as
Nirvana Day of Lord Mahavira.
Diwali is celebrated in honour of Goddess
Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth and prosperity.
It is believed that the Goddess blesses those with
prosperity, who keeps their houses neat clean on
this day. She is supposed to visit the houses of
her devotees at mid night. For the business
community this festival signals the beginning of a
new financial year and they open their new cash
registers and books of account on this day.
There is another reason of worshipping
Lakshmi on Deepavali. It was on this day that
when Vishnu in the form of Vamana had sent the
demon king Bali to netherworld Goddess Lakshmi
was freed from the prison.
There are historical references that king
Vikramaditya was crowned on this day at Ujjain
commencing an era named after him. Abul Fazal’s
Akbarnama informs us that the Mughal Emperor
Akbar had adopted Hindu way of life and began
to celebrate many Hindu festivals like Diwali.
Dussehra
Vijaydashmi, which is more popularly known as Dussehra, is an important and major Indian festival
celebrated on the tenth day of Ashwin month according to the Hindu calendar. The day is celebrated to
commemorate the killing of Ravana by Lord Rama. The day also celebrates the killing of demon Mahisasur by
Goddess Durga. Dussehra celebration thus spreads the message of the victory of good over evil. Besides its
religious importance, the Dussehra festival is also a ritual idiom of kingship symbolically representing the
consecration and legitimisation of royal and political power. It assumes various local forms, depending on the
various former kingdoms in which it is performed.
The history of Dussehra dates back to the 17th century, when local King Jagat Singh installed an idol
of Raghunath on his throne as a mark of penance. After this, Lord Raghunath was declared as the ruling deity of
the valley .He also provided village deities with land rights, requiring them to pay an annual tribute to
Raghunath and to participate in the festival. In the pre –colonial period the villagers and their deities had to visit
the capital, to take part in the rath yatra and to attend a darbar, a royal assembly held by the king during
Dussehra. Participation by the village deities was compulsory, and defaulting deities had to pay an annual
tribute to Raghunathji (nazrana). Dussehra in Kullu is a weeklong international fair held every year. Kullu
which is well known as Valley of living Gods , marks the commencement of this festival on the tenth day itself
which is celebrated for the next seven days .On the first day of Dussehra Goddess Hadimba of Manali comes
down to Kullu to bless the members of the royal family. .She is the Goddess of the royal family of Kullu and is
considered grandmother of king of Kullu. .
The proceedings of the Kullu Dussehra start in her presence.
However Raghunathji is the chief deity who presides over Dussehra festival, interestingly it is mandatory for all
the village deities brought to the capital by villagers to attend the Dussehra celebrations at Kullu in order to pay
homage to the King and to the Royal God .Some of them enter the festival square rocking frenziedly and the
devotees holding them rejoice, singing and dancing in trance. The palanquin of Raghunathji is brought out to
the festival square and put in the ratha. The celebration includes a dazzling decorated chariot carrying the
idol of Raghunathji (Rama) which is pulled from its place in Dhalpur Maidan to another spot across the
Maidan by big ropes. The pulling of ropes which forms a huge procession is considered as sacred by local
people. On the last day the chariot is taken to the banks of River Beas where a pile of wood and grass are burnt
symbolizing the burning of Lanka.
The festival of Dussehra in Kullu Valley is unique in two ways –firstly because elsewhere in other
parts of our country ,Gods and deities are worshipped and are permanently fixed to the temples , however in
Kullu, the idol of the deities are not fixed to the temples but instead on special occasions like Dussehra come out
in ornately decorated palanquins . In the procession there is a fixed hierarchy of what place the local deity will
occupy .The palanquin of Lord Raghunathji is on the ‘ratha’ who is obviously in the centre-but there are often
skirmishes as to which deity gets to occupy the immediate left and right position of lord Raghunath .In Kullu,
village deities represent a very important element in the perception people have of their history and of their
regional and territorial identity. What is perceived here as being specific to the area is the strong attachment of
the population to their village deities (Devi/Devta). They are indeed considered to be local kings exercising their
authority and justice over all those villagers who, independent of their caste, live inside their territorial
jurisdictions –a village or a wider territory.
Kambala
With the decks getting cleared for the bull taming festival of Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu, there is a growing chorus for organising Kambala, a traditional annual buffalo race in marshy fields, held in the coastal districts of Karnataka.
Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah said on Monday that his government was in favour of holding it and asked the Centre to take a favourable stand as it did for jallikattu in Tamil Nadu.
"We are in favour of Kambala, we are for Kambala. We pressurise (sic) the Union government to take a stand in favour of this (Kambala), similar to the way in which it favoured jallikattu in Tamil Nadu," he told reporters.
Spurred by the jallikattu stir in Tamil Nadu, Kambala Committees had met in Mangaluru on Sunday to strategise their agitation, where it was decided to hold a massive protest on 28 January in Moodbidri in Dakshina Kannada district.
Symbolic Kambala, a traditional annual buffalo race in the marshy fields in coastal districts of the state, is also likely to be held as a mark of protest.
Karnataka High Court's division bench, headed by Chief Justice S K Mukherjee, in an interim order in November 2016 had stayed holding of Kambala on a petition by Peta challenging it in view of orders passed by the Supreme Court on jallikattu.
The matter came up on Friday before the division bench of the High Court, which adjourned the case to 30 January.
Kambala — the rural sporting festival of Karnataka — was once a pastime for the royal family. According to one belief, the festival was started by the Hoysala Kings to see if the buffaloes could be trained and used during wartime. The Hoysala Kings were surprised to see the speed of the buffaloes and started racing them against one another. This then developed into a sport for the royals. The tradition was kept alive till it was passed on to the common men, by the feudal lords of Tulu region.
Another belief states that the festival originated in the farming community of Karnataka and is dedicated to Lord Kadri Manjunatha, an incarnation of Lord Shiva. It was celebrated to please the Gods for a good harvest.
In the earlier days of the festival, it was called Karaga celebrations. Later it came to be known as Kambala celebrations. There are two types of Kambala: Pookere Kambala and Bale Kambala. However Bale Kambala was discontinued 900 years ago, so only the former kind of Pookere Kambala gets celebrated.
Nalanda
University
The vast
universities of Eastern India had hundreds of teachers and students who came
from across India and from the many countries of Asia that had embraced
Buddhist philosophy. The greatest of these was at Nalanda. Here there was a
spirit of vibrant intellectual thought, a climate of discussion and debate. The
scholars of Nalanda made outstanding contributions to numerous fields of study.
The many acharyas or great masters at Nalanda, authored hundreds of treatise in
various fields; on philosophy, metaphysics, psychology, logic, medicine,
astrology, arts, literature and other subjects. In the words of Dr. Jeffrey
Durham : “One of the most important universities in the world was developed not
in the medieval west, but right here in India. And here I am referring to the
university consortium of Nalanda, Vikramshila, Somapura, Odantpuri – all of
these universities were instrumental in producing people who are capable of understanding and articulating what it means to have
universal knowledge, knowledge that applicable, across cultures and in across
times.”
The study at Nalanda was of life itself and what is reality. It was based not upon
faith but on unshakable logic and pursuit of the truth. The study was of our
minds, are perceptions and what is knowledge itself? The intellectuals here
analyzed the qualities which led to Enlightenment and sought to create a logical
path which could lead us to Buddhahood. A path which would work for all.
According to some historians, there was no written script in Tibet till the 7th
century. The acceptance of the Buddhist faith entailed the understanding of
subtle philosophic concepts and profound commentaries. This transfer of
knowledge would not have been possible without translating and writing it down.
A very sophisticated language and a script capable of preserving this knowledge
had to be formulated.
The best known Buddhist universities,
Nalanda, Vikramasila and Odantpuri,
were in Eastern India, in the region of
present-day Bihar. In fact, Bihar
derives its name from the many
Viharas which flourished here. The
greatest of these monastic centres
was at Nalanda. It was a hub of
learning where pilgrims and scholars
came from all corners of Asia.
Nalanda was
visited by the
Buddha
himself. In the
3
rd century
BC, Emperor
Ashoka is
believed to have made offerings to the chaitya of Sariputra and
erected a temple here. However, the origins of the university
itself are obscured in the mists of time. The medieval Tibetan
historian Taranatha mentions that the great Buddhist
philosopher Nagarjuna who was born the middle of the 2
nd
century AD taught here.
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Jawaharlal Nehru
University was established in 1969 by an act of parliament. It was named
after Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister. G. Parthsarthi was the first vice-chancellor.Prof. Moonis Raza was the Founder Chairman and Rector.The bill for
the establishment of Jawaharlal Nehru University was placed in the Rajya Sabha
on September 1, 1965 by the then minister of education, M. C. Chagla. During the discussion that followed, Bhushan Gupta, member
of parliament, voiced the opinion that this should not be yet another
university. New faculties should be created, including scientific socialism,
and one thing that this university should ensure was to keep noble ideas in
mind and provide accessibility to students from weaker sections of society. The
JNU Bill was passed in Lok Sabha on 16 November 1966 and the JNU Act came into force on
22 April 1969.
The JNU is infused with an intense political life on campus. Students that leave campus are said to acquire a "permanently changed outlook on life" as a result of the student politics. The politicisation of campus life has led to a refusal to brush under the carpet social issues such as feminism, minority rights, social and economic justice. All such issues are debated fiercely in formal and informal gatherings.
The JNU student politics is left-of-centre even though, in recent years, right-wing student groups have also entered the field. Political involvement is "celebratory in spirit." The student union elections are preceded by days of debates and meetings, keeping all students involved. The JNU has the reputation of an "unruly bastion of Marxist revolution." However, the student activists deny the charge, stating that the politics at JNU is issue-based and intellectual.
The university is known for its alumni who now occupy important political and bureaucratic positions . In part, this is because of the prevalence of Left-Centric student politics and the existence of a written constitution for the university to which noted Communist Party of India leader Prakash Karat contributed exhaustively during his education at JNU.
Prakash Raj
Prakash Rai also known as Prakash Raj , is an actor and producer in Kannada, Telugu and Tamil film industries: Sandalwood, Tollywood and Kollywood respectively.
Prakash Raj was born Prakash Rai in Mangalore and his mother tongue is Tulu. Now he has shifted his base to Chennai due to numerous offers from Telugu and Tamil films. He was persuaded to change his last name from Rai to Raj by veteran South-Indian director K. Balachander.
Prakash Raj studied in St.Joseph's High School in Bangalore. He won the President's Scout award in 1982. At school he was well known for his talents which brought him and the schools numerous honours, he was also an active member and a good leader. He later joined St.Josephs College of commerce, Brigade road, Bangalore, where he participated in many plays, most of which were in Kannada. He was also good at debates.
He has acted in Kannada ,Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Hindi films. His original name 'Prakash Rai' in Kannada screen was rechristened to 'Prakash Raj' by K. Balachander for Prakash Rai's debut movie 'Duet'.
Prakash Rai began his acting career with Kannada DoorDarshan serials like Bisilu Kudure and Guddada Bhootha.He later took up small supporting roles in kannada films like Raamachari, Nishkarsha, Lockup Death and etc and was noticed for his dialogue delivery and histrionics. His breakthrough role came in form of Harakeya Kuri starring Vishnuvardhan and Geetha, directed by K S L Swamy. His performance in the movie was noticed by Geetha and she in turn introduced him to her mentor, the noted director K. Balachander. Prakash Rai re-entered Kannada films with a bang through Nagamandala in 1997, directed by T.S Naghabarana.
Prakash Rai is a very famous actor in South India for a wide variety of roles he has performed, most notably as a villain and of late, as a character artiste, in Tamil and Telugu. He is considered to be one of the most natural actors in the film industry, and has a good reputation for his acting skills. He is also the highest paid villain in Indian cinema. He was also a part of Mani Ratnam's stage show, Netru, Indru, Naalai.
One of Prakash Rai's greatest
hits was his role of Villain in telugu film Okkadu, where he plays the role of
factionist, a gangster who is in love with Bhoomika Chawla. His frequent
uttering of the word "I love you" became a popular line. After
Okkadu, Prakash Raj was flooded with offers. The versatile actor then
co-starred with major stars and also acted in movies with newcomers. His 2007
production Mozhi, where he played an important role, was a box office hit and
praised by critics proving that he can play a comedy role just as good as
playing a negative character. Prakash Raj has already had four releases this
year, all in which he plays a prominent role. He is acting in more than half a
dozen films at the moment including his own production, Abhiyum Naanum.
His latest production venture in Tamil Mozhi, directed by Radhamohan, starring himself, Jyothika, Prithviraj and Swarnamalya was a blockbuster. He recently acted as a rich businessman in Venkat Prabhu's second film Saroja, a box-office hit.
His latest production venture in Tamil Mozhi, directed by Radhamohan, starring himself, Jyothika, Prithviraj and Swarnamalya was a blockbuster. He recently acted as a rich businessman in Venkat Prabhu's second film Saroja, a box-office hit.
Gauri
Lankesh
Gauri Lankesh was an Indian journalist and social activist from Bangalore, Karnataka, who is best known for her strong stand against right-wing Hindutva politics. She started her career as a correspondent at various news outlets, and later followed in her father P. Lankesh’s footsteps to publish the Kannada language tabloid ‘Lankesh Patrike’, advocating equal rights for many oppressed groups, despite pressures from different sectors of the society. She vehemently criticized the caste system and the treatment of women within Hindu religion. She maintained that Hinduism, instead of being a religion, was a "system of hierarchy in society" which treated women as “second-class creatures”. She was accused of being a Naxalite sympathizer, even though she rejected it stating that her interviews of Naxal leaders were unbiased. She was named as a member of a committee formed by the Congress-led Karnataka government to convince Naxalites to give up violence and surrender. A brave journalist, who was feared by political and religious groups for her ideologies, was gruesomely murdered in front of her house in September 2017.
Gauri Lankesh was born on January 29, 1962 in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, to P. Lankesh and his wife Indira Lankesh. Her father was a poet-turned-journalist who established the weekly Kannada language tabloid ‘Lankesh Patrike’, while her mother is a businesswoman who runs a sari shop in Bangalore She was born into a Lingayat family, a distinct Shaivite religious sect from South India which worships the Hindu god Shiva. However, her father identified himself as an atheist, following whom she later became a rationalist She grew up in Konagavalli village in Shivamogga district with her younger sister Kavitha and her younger brother Indrajit. She went to school in Bengaluru, and later completed her BA degree from the Central College in Bengaluru. She initially wanted to be a doctor, but later chose to do her masters in journalism from Indian Institute of Mass Communication in Delhi.
After completing her studies, Gauri Lankesh started her career as a trainee at the then weekly newspaper ‘Sunday Mid-Day’ in Bangalore. She then became a journalist for 'The Times of India', Bangalore, for a short period of time in the 1980s After spending some time in Delhi with her then husband, journalist Chidanand Rajghatta, she returned to Bangalore and started working as a correspondent for the ‘Sunday’ magazine. She continued in that position for nine years and then began working for the television channel of Telugu-language daily newspaper ‘Eenadu’ in Delhi By the time her father died of a heart attack in January 2000, she had worked as a journalist for over sixteen years. While the family was against the idea of continuing the tabloid, Mani, the publisher of 'Lankesh Patrike', convinced her to become the editor of the paper, while her brother became the proprietor and publisher Within a year, the two siblings started having ideological differences over the paper's future, which became public in 2005 when they targeted one another addressing separate news conferences. She claimed that her brother did not accept her social activism, while her brother claimed that her pro-Naxal stand was hurting the paper's ideology In February 2005, her brother withdrew a report about a Naxalite attack on policemen, which was approved by her, stating that the report was in favor of Naxals who had killed seven policemen. Her brother subsequently filed a police complaint against her alleging theft of a computer, printer, and scanner from the publication's office, while she accused him of threatening her with a revolver in a counter complaint Her brother later stated that she was still the editor of the tabloid, and that he would like to discuss their differences. However, she started her own separate tabloid, Gauri Lankesh Patrike, which was run by 50 people and did not contain ads, and served as its editor till her death.
Bullet Train
Japan is world-renowned for its efficient public transportation system that connects the major cities in the country. Known as the Shinkansen, or bullet train, it is a highly-advanced technological accomplishment that has greatly influenced and impacted Japan’s culture, economy, business, and society.
A high-speed intercity train network that currently consists of more than 2,600 kilometers of rail lines, the Shinkansen was first launched more than 50 years ago. Its inaugural segment, the Tokaido Shinkansen, started operation on October 1, 1964, shortly before the opening of the Tokyo Olympics.
A trip between Tokyo and Osaka used to take six hours and 40 minutes via the old Limited Express trains, but it was cut down to just three hours and 10 minutes with the Tokaido Shinkansen. Because of this significant development, day trips to and from the two big cities became more frequent since.
The Shinkansen’s success continued as traffic demand increased through the next couple of years. By July 13, 1967, two months before its third anniversary, it had already serviced 100 million passengers. And, in 1976, it reached the one billion passenger mark. By 1992, it became the busiest bullet train line in the world, averaging 23,000 passengers in an hour per direction.
Due to the public’s affirmative response to the Shinkansen, an extensive rail network that extended to the west, to Okayama, Fukuoka, and Hiroshima was built and finished in 1975.
Shinkansen networks that link the islands of Kyushu and Honshu to a number of large urban areas were also established.
Over the years, more lines, including the Sanyo Shinkansen, Joetsu Shinkansen, Chuo Shinkansen, and Tohoku Shinkansen, and train models, such as the 100 Series, 300 Series, 500 Series, and 700 Series, have been introduced to meet the constant increase in the volume of commuters in the country’s major metropolises
In the past ten years, the Shinkansen has transported more than 10 billion commuters, averaging about 150 million passengers per year. In Tokyo and Osaka alone, as many as 26 16-car trains, with a capacity of 1,300 seats each, operate in both directions every hour.
The fastest bullet train currently operating in Japan is the Nozomi, which covers the Shin-Osaka to Hakata route and runs on the Tokaido/Sanyo Shinkansen lines at speeds of up to 300 kilometers per hour.
National Chemical Laboratory
National Chemical
Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune, established in 1950, is a constituent laboratory
of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). CSIR-NCL is a science
and knowledge based research, development and consulting organization. It is internationally
known for its excellence in scientific research in chemistry and chemical
engineering as well as for its outstanding track record of industrial research
involving partnerships with industry from concept to commercialization.
Vision:
·
To be a globally
recognized and respected R&D organization in the area of chemical sciences
and engineering.
·
To become an
organization that will contribute significantly towards assisting the Indian
chemical and related industries in transforming themselves into globally
competitive organizations.
·
To become an
organization that will generate opportunities for wealth creation for the
nation and, thereby, enhance the quality of life for its people.
Mission:
·
To carry out R&D in chemical and related sciences with a
view to eventually deliver a product, process, intellectual property, tacit
knowledge or service that can create wealth and provide other benefits to NCL's
stakeholders.
Guiding Principles and
Values:
·
To be deeply committed to the success of our stakeholders.
Premier
League
The Premier League is an English professional league for men's association football clubs. At the top of the English football league system, it is the country's primary football competition. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League. Welsh clubs that compete in the English football league system can also qualify.
The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May. Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season.Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings. It is colloquially known as the Premiership and outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL
The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal.The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14, with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively.The league generates 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights.In 2014–15, teams were apportioned revenues of 1,600 million,rising sharply to 2,400 million in 2016–17.
The Premier League is the most-watched sports league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people.[In the 2014–15 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga's 43,500.Most stadium occupancies are near capacity. The Premier League ranks third in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons.
In total, 49 clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992. Six of them have won the title: Manchester United (13), Chelsea (5), Arsenal (3), Manchester City (2), Blackburn Rovers (1) and Leicester City (1).
IPhoneX
iPhone X is a smartphone designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Apple CEO Tim Cookannounced the iPhone X on September 12, 2017, alongside the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus at the Steve Jobs Theater in the Apple Park campus. The phone is slated for release on November 3, 2017. This iPhone marks the iPhone's tenth anniversary, with "X" being the symbol for "ten" in Roman numerals.
Within Apple's lineup, the iPhone X is positioned as a high-end, premium model intended to showcase advanced technologies, such as wireless charging, OLED display, dual cameras with improved depth sensing, and a face recognition unlock system called FACE ID.
The technology behind the iPhone X was in development for five years, as far back as 2012. Before the official announcement on September 12, 2017, a HomePod firmware leak suggested that Apple would shortly release a phone with a nearly bezel-less design, lack of physical home button, Face ID, and other new features. Much of the leaked information was confirmed at the keynote.
An iOS 11 GM build was also leaked over the preceding weekend, confirming the new design and features and revealing the new Apple Watch Series 3 with LTE connectivity.
The technology behind the iPhone X was in development for five years, as far back as 2012.[Before the official announcement on September 12, 2017, a HomePod firmware leak suggested that Apple would shortly release a phone with a nearly bezel-less design, lack of physical home button, Face ID, and other new features. Much of the leaked information was confirmed at the keynote.
An iOS 11 GM build was also leaked over the preceding weekend, confirming the new design and features and revealing the new Apple Watch Series 3 with LTE connectivity
The iPhone X will launch with a tweaked version of iOS 11.1 to use the different screen layout.
The home button, which made its debut on the original iPhone, has been removed from iPhone X and most of its functions replaced with gestures, as on the home button-less Nokia N9, BlackBerry Z10, and WebOS devices. Some features like Siri and Apple Pay can be invoked using the side button.
Sustainable energy
Sustainable energy is energy that is consumed at insignificant rates compared to its supply and with manageable collateral effects, especially environmental effects. Another common definition of sustainable energy is an energy system that serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development, which includes the four interconnected domains: ecology, economics, politics and culture.Sustainability science is the study of sustainable development and environmental science.
Technologies promote sustainable energy including renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, bioenergy, tidal power and also technologies designed to improve energy efficiency. Costs have decreased immensely through out the years, and continue to fall. Increasingly, effective government policies support investor confidence and these markets are expanding. Considerable progress is being made in the energy transition from fossil fuels to ecologically sustainable systems, to the point where many studies support 100% renewable energy.
Mirza Asadullah Khan
Mirza Asadullah Khan (1797-1869) who wrote with a nom de plume of Asad before choosing Ghalib, which literally means overcoming or overpowering, hailed from a Central Asian family of Aibak Turks who served traditionally as soldier s. Unlike his grandfather who had migrated to India during the reign of Sah Alam II to join army, and his father who also followed the same profession and was killed in an army action in Alwar, Ghalib excelled brilliantly as a poet, prose writer, diarist, and a writer of engrossingly intimate letters. He was born in Agra where the family had settled. He lost his father at the age of five and was brought up by his uncle who also passed away four years later after which he was taken care of by his maternal grandfather. Married at an early age of thirteen, he moved to Delhi where he kept shifting his residence as a tenant in the vicinity of what is now known as old Delhi till he settled down in yet another rented accommodation in a locality called Ballimaran where he died in pain and penury.
With little financial security available to him, Ghalib had to make do with
difficulty in the early part of his life as he had to do ever after. He
sustained mainly on the pension from his uncle’s state but that was both meagre
ad irregular, as was the assistance he received from the nobility. His plea to
all the possible authorities in the British government as well as his travel to
Calcutta to present his case personally did not bring him any financial
security. He was a unique individual, who wrote the finest kind of poetry
in Urdu and Persian, played chess and dice, borrowed books, drew loan, drank
incessantly, violated norms, and got punished by imprisonment but continued
with his manners.
Although
Ghalib did not receive any formal education but he learnt his lessons in
Arabic, Persian, logic and philosophy from Mulla Abdussamad and grew on his own
at an intellectual level. After the demise of Sheikh Ibrahim Zauq who had the
privilege of counselling the emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar on his poetry, he was
appointed as his mentor, as well as a historian of the Mughal court, which
brought him some financial security and the honorifics of Najmuddaulah,
Dabeerulmulk, and Nizam Jung, as well as the title of Mirza Nausha. Ghalib
stands out for his sparkling wit and tough ratiocination, as well his
innovations in technique and diction that distinguish his poetry and prose from
all others written before or after him. Negotiating precariously with life at
several levels, he died in sickness and was buried in Nizamuddin, beyond the
walled city of Delhi. His numerous works, apart from his divan and letters in
Urdu and kulliyat of Persian poetry and prose, include Urdu-i-Muallah,
a collection of epistles, Taigh-e-Taiz, a rebuttal of a literary
work; Qata-i-Burhan, a criticism of Persian lexicon; Panj
Ahang, a collection of occasional writings; Mehre Neem Roze,
a historical narrative; and Dastumbo, an literary account of 1857
that testify his versatility and rare artistic merit.
All India
Bakchood
All India Bakchod usually abbreviated and referred to as AIB is an Indian comedy group. The group was initially founded by Gursimran Khamba and Tanmay Bhat and was later joined by Rohan Joshi and Ashish Shakya. All four members are equal owners of the group. The group maintains a YouTube channel that shows their comedy sketches and parodies on topics such as politics, society, and the Hindi film industry, and much of their reputation was founded on their online presence. Initially, the group produced podcasts, before using YouTube in 2013 as a medium to share their comedic work.Joshi had noted that the reason for their use of YouTube was that they simply did not have funds for advertisements and other promotional materials, and instead relied upon social media to promote their work.
As of March 2015, the group has amassed over 100 million views on their videos and has 2 million subscribers on YouTube. The group has multiple employees for script writing, brand consulting, and coordinating academic and corporate workshops. In December 2014, AIB organized a roast show, All India Bakchod Knockout Championship featuring Karan Johar as the host with Ranveer Singh and Arjun Kapoor as subjects of the roast.The event is claimed to have raised over 40 lakh rupees for charity organisations such as Being Human
AIB also has an advertisement wing called Vigyapanti, which was started in early October 2015. It was kicked off by the release of an online video titled "Creep Qawwali", which was an advertisement for the start-up dating portal, Truly Madly.
AIB started a news comedy series called On Air With AIB on the Star Network in October 2015. The 20-episode show (10 in English, 10 in Hindi) was released on Hotstar first, followed by weekend airing on STAR World India and Star Plus.
On Air with AIB is a typical news comedy show that aims to find comedy in tragedy. Hosted by Rohan Joshi, Tanmay Bhat, Ashish Shakya and Gursimran Khamba, the show featured interviews, sketches and an examination of systemic issues that the country faces. The show has been co-hosted and written by Zakir Khan.
Sustainable energy
Technologies promote sustainable energy including renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, bioenergy, tidal power and also technologies designed to improve energy efficiency. Costs have decreased immensely through out the years, and continue to fall. Increasingly, effective government policies support investor confidence and these markets are expanding. Considerable progress is being made in the energy transition from fossil fuels to ecologically sustainable systems, to the point where many studies support 100% renewable energy.
Mirza Asadullah Khan
Mirza Asadullah Khan (1797-1869) who wrote with a nom de plume of Asad before choosing Ghalib, which literally means overcoming or overpowering, hailed from a Central Asian family of Aibak Turks who served traditionally as soldier s. Unlike his grandfather who had migrated to India during the reign of Sah Alam II to join army, and his father who also followed the same profession and was killed in an army action in Alwar, Ghalib excelled brilliantly as a poet, prose writer, diarist, and a writer of engrossingly intimate letters. He was born in Agra where the family had settled. He lost his father at the age of five and was brought up by his uncle who also passed away four years later after which he was taken care of by his maternal grandfather. Married at an early age of thirteen, he moved to Delhi where he kept shifting his residence as a tenant in the vicinity of what is now known as old Delhi till he settled down in yet another rented accommodation in a locality called Ballimaran where he died in pain and penury.
With little financial security available to him, Ghalib had to make do with difficulty in the early part of his life as he had to do ever after. He sustained mainly on the pension from his uncle’s state but that was both meagre ad irregular, as was the assistance he received from the nobility. His plea to all the possible authorities in the British government as well as his travel to Calcutta to present his case personally did not bring him any financial security. He was a unique individual, who wrote the finest kind of poetry in Urdu and Persian, played chess and dice, borrowed books, drew loan, drank incessantly, violated norms, and got punished by imprisonment but continued with his manners.
Although
Ghalib did not receive any formal education but he learnt his lessons in
Arabic, Persian, logic and philosophy from Mulla Abdussamad and grew on his own
at an intellectual level. After the demise of Sheikh Ibrahim Zauq who had the
privilege of counselling the emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar on his poetry, he was
appointed as his mentor, as well as a historian of the Mughal court, which
brought him some financial security and the honorifics of Najmuddaulah,
Dabeerulmulk, and Nizam Jung, as well as the title of Mirza Nausha. Ghalib
stands out for his sparkling wit and tough ratiocination, as well his
innovations in technique and diction that distinguish his poetry and prose from
all others written before or after him. Negotiating precariously with life at
several levels, he died in sickness and was buried in Nizamuddin, beyond the
walled city of Delhi. His numerous works, apart from his divan and letters in
Urdu and kulliyat of Persian poetry and prose, include Urdu-i-Muallah,
a collection of epistles, Taigh-e-Taiz, a rebuttal of a literary
work; Qata-i-Burhan, a criticism of Persian lexicon; Panj
Ahang, a collection of occasional writings; Mehre Neem Roze,
a historical narrative; and Dastumbo, an literary account of 1857
that testify his versatility and rare artistic merit.
All India
Bakchood
All India Bakchod usually abbreviated and referred to as AIB is an Indian comedy group. The group was initially founded by Gursimran Khamba and Tanmay Bhat and was later joined by Rohan Joshi and Ashish Shakya. All four members are equal owners of the group. The group maintains a YouTube channel that shows their comedy sketches and parodies on topics such as politics, society, and the Hindi film industry, and much of their reputation was founded on their online presence. Initially, the group produced podcasts, before using YouTube in 2013 as a medium to share their comedic work.Joshi had noted that the reason for their use of YouTube was that they simply did not have funds for advertisements and other promotional materials, and instead relied upon social media to promote their work.
As of March 2015, the group has amassed over 100 million views on their videos and has 2 million subscribers on YouTube. The group has multiple employees for script writing, brand consulting, and coordinating academic and corporate workshops. In December 2014, AIB organized a roast show, All India Bakchod Knockout Championship featuring Karan Johar as the host with Ranveer Singh and Arjun Kapoor as subjects of the roast.The event is claimed to have raised over 40 lakh rupees for charity organisations such as Being Human
AIB also has an advertisement wing called Vigyapanti, which was started in early October 2015. It was kicked off by the release of an online video titled "Creep Qawwali", which was an advertisement for the start-up dating portal, Truly Madly.
AIB started a news comedy series called On Air With AIB on the Star Network in October 2015. The 20-episode show (10 in English, 10 in Hindi) was released on Hotstar first, followed by weekend airing on STAR World India and Star Plus.
On Air with AIB is a typical news comedy show that aims to find comedy in tragedy. Hosted by Rohan Joshi, Tanmay Bhat, Ashish Shakya and Gursimran Khamba, the show featured interviews, sketches and an examination of systemic issues that the country faces. The show has been co-hosted and written by Zakir Khan.
Censorship
Censorship is when an authority cuts out or suppresses communication.
This has been done widely. All countries, religions and societies have their limits as to what can be said, or written or communication by art or nowadays by computer.
Certain facts are changed or removed on purpose. This may be done because it is considered wrong, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient to the government or other authority. This can be done for different reasons.
A censor is a person whose job is to look at all types of media and remove material. There are many reasons to censor something, like protecting military secrets, stopping immoral or anti-religious works, or keeping political power. Censorship is almost always used as an insult, and there is much debate over what censorship is and when it is okay.
When there is freedom of speech and freedom of the press, most information can published. However, even in developed countries with much freedom of the press, there are some things that cannot be published. For example, journalists are usually not allowed to publish many secrets about the military, like where troops will be sent on a mission. Pornography is censored in some countries because it is seen as not moral. For these reasons, the government might arrest anyone who publishes it.
There is much debate about when censorship should be allowed. For example, U.S. President Richard Nixon censored the New York Times when they tried to publish articles about the Pentagon Papers, a group of classified military documents that showed that Nixon and the military lied about the Vietnam War. The Supreme Court in New York Times Co v. United States overturned the censorship, saying that Nixon had not shown it would be dangerous to the military, just embarrassing. In other countries, journalists and bloggers (who are usually not seen as journalists) are sometimes arrested for saying bad things about the government. In Egypt, Kareem Amer was famously arrested for insulting Islam and calling the president of Egypt, Hosni Mubarak, a dictator.
Kangana Ranaut
Censorship is when an authority cuts out or suppresses communication.
This has been done widely. All countries, religions and societies have their limits as to what can be said, or written or communication by art or nowadays by computer.
Certain facts are changed or removed on purpose. This may be done because it is considered wrong, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient to the government or other authority. This can be done for different reasons.
A censor is a person whose job is to look at all types of media and remove material. There are many reasons to censor something, like protecting military secrets, stopping immoral or anti-religious works, or keeping political power. Censorship is almost always used as an insult, and there is much debate over what censorship is and when it is okay.
When there is freedom of speech and freedom of the press, most information can published. However, even in developed countries with much freedom of the press, there are some things that cannot be published. For example, journalists are usually not allowed to publish many secrets about the military, like where troops will be sent on a mission. Pornography is censored in some countries because it is seen as not moral. For these reasons, the government might arrest anyone who publishes it.
There is much debate about when censorship should be allowed. For example, U.S. President Richard Nixon censored the New York Times when they tried to publish articles about the Pentagon Papers, a group of classified military documents that showed that Nixon and the military lied about the Vietnam War. The Supreme Court in New York Times Co v. United States overturned the censorship, saying that Nixon had not shown it would be dangerous to the military, just embarrassing. In other countries, journalists and bloggers (who are usually not seen as journalists) are sometimes arrested for saying bad things about the government. In Egypt, Kareem Amer was famously arrested for insulting Islam and calling the president of Egypt, Hosni Mubarak, a dictator.
Kangana Ranaut
Kangana Ranaut is a popular Bollywood actress . She was born on 23 March 1987 into a Hindi-speaking Rajput family. She was a topper as she used to study 18 hours a day. She said “The science in school didn’t help me much in my daily life as an adult. But the passion to be the best in my class and the love for books remain. Now I’m an artiste and I read on art.” She is also a trained Kathak dancer and loves doing yoga. She has made her acting debut with movie Gangster in 2006. She has won a Best Supporting Actress award for her performance as a troubled model in Fashion. Kangana has bagged National Awards for Fashion, Queen and Tanu Weds Manu Returns. She will soon be seen in Vishal Bhardwaj’s Rangoon. She has designed a summer collection for designer brand Vero Moda titled ‘Venice Cruise’. She is also associated with the cause Swachh Bharat.
Kangana Ranaut is a popular Bollywood actress . She was born on 23 March 1987 into a Hindi-speaking Rajput family. She was a topper as she used to study 18 hours a day. She said “The science in school didn’t help me much in my daily life as an adult. But the passion to be the best in my class and the love for books remain. Now I’m an artiste and I read on art.” She is also a trained Kathak dancer and loves doing yoga. She has made her acting debut with movie Gangster in 2006. She has won a Best Supporting Actress award for her performance as a troubled model in Fashion. Kangana has bagged National Awards for Fashion, Queen and Tanu Weds Manu Returns. She will soon be seen in Vishal Bhardwaj’s Rangoon. She has designed a summer collection for designer brand Vero Moda titled ‘Venice Cruise’. She is also associated with the cause Swachh Bharat.
FILMOGRAPHY
2006 Gangster
2006 Woh Lamhe
2007 Life in a…Metro
2008 Fashion
2009 Raaz – The Mystery Continues
2010 Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai
2011 Tanu Weds Manu
2013 Shootout at Wadala
2014 Queen
2015 Tanu Weds Manu Returns
2015 Katti Batti
2006 Gangster
2006 Woh Lamhe
2007 Life in a…Metro
2008 Fashion
2009 Raaz – The Mystery Continues
2010 Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai
2011 Tanu Weds Manu
2013 Shootout at Wadala
2014 Queen
2015 Tanu Weds Manu Returns
2015 Katti Batti
2006 Woh Lamhe
2007 Life in a…Metro
2008 Fashion
2009 Raaz – The Mystery Continues
2010 Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai
2011 Tanu Weds Manu
2013 Shootout at Wadala
2014 Queen
2015 Tanu Weds Manu Returns
2015 Katti Batti
AWARDS
Best Actor (Female) award for “Queen”, at the 60th Filmfare Awards ceremony.
Asian Festival of First Films, Best Actress, Gangster
Filmfare Best Female Debut Award, Gangster
Filmfare Fairever Fresh Face of the Year Award, Gangster
IIFA Best Female Debut Award, Gangster
Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female, Gangster
Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut, Gangster
60th Filmfare Awards for Best Actress.
Best Actor (Female) award for “Queen”, at the 60th Filmfare Awards ceremony.
Asian Festival of First Films, Best Actress, Gangster
Filmfare Best Female Debut Award, Gangster
Filmfare Fairever Fresh Face of the Year Award, Gangster
IIFA Best Female Debut Award, Gangster
Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female, Gangster
Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut, Gangster
60th Filmfare Awards for Best Actress.
Asian Festival of First Films, Best Actress, Gangster
Filmfare Best Female Debut Award, Gangster
Filmfare Fairever Fresh Face of the Year Award, Gangster
IIFA Best Female Debut Award, Gangster
Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female, Gangster
Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut, Gangster
60th Filmfare Awards for Best Actress.
Baiju Patil
Vinod Patil alias Baiju bagged the prestigious Sanctuary RBS Wildlife Award 2009 in the individual category.
Baiju received the award at a programme held in Mumbai. He had sent five pictures for the contest out of which three were selected. His picture of egrets resting on the trees in the night was critically appreciated. "The picture is special because it was taken at night near a waterbody in Aurangabad district. I used the low-shutter speed technique to capture the birds sleeping," said Baiju.
Other pictures that brought him fame include wolves in the wilderness (taken in Nanaj in Solapur district) and the tigress Badimaa' plying with her cubs in the dense forests of Pench National Park in Madhya Pradesh.
Baiju has been in the field of photography for the last 11 years and has organised photo exhibitions of birds and animal shot by him travelling to different parts of the country. He is a recipient of a number of state, national and international awards.
Sitaram Yechury
Sitaram Yechury (born 12 August 1952) is an Indian politician and a leader of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).He was elected as its General Secretary on 19 April 2015. He is a member of the politburo of CPI (M) and the party's Parliamentary group leader.
Sitaram Yechury was born on 12 August 1952 in a Telugu speaking family in Madras (Chennai). His father Sarveswara Somayajula Yechury was an engineer in the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation.His mother Kalpakam Yechury was a government officer.He grew up in Hyderabad and studied at All Saints High School, Hyderabad till his tenth standard. The Telangana agitation of 1969 brought him to Delhi.He joined Presidents Estate School, New Delhi and achieved the All-India first rank in the Central Board of Secondary Education Higher Secondary Examination. Subsequently, he studied B.A. (Hons.) in Economics at the St. Stephen's College, Delhi and M.A. in Economics, from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), achieving first class in both. He joined the JNU for a Ph.D. in Economics, which was aborted with his arrest during The Emergency.
Yechury joined the Students Federation of India (SFI) in 1974. A year later, he joined the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
He was arrested in 1975 during the Emergency while he was still a student at JNU. He was underground for some time, organising resistance to the Emergency, before his arrest. After the Emergency, he was elected as the President of the JNU Students' Union thrice during one year (1977–78). Yechury, along with Prakash Karat, was instrumental in creating an impregnable leftist bastion at JNU.
Sitaram Yechury (born 12 August 1952) is an Indian politician and a leader of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).He was elected as its General Secretary on 19 April 2015. He is a member of the politburo of CPI (M) and the party's Parliamentary group leader.
Sitaram Yechury was born on 12 August 1952 in a Telugu speaking family in Madras (Chennai). His father Sarveswara Somayajula Yechury was an engineer in the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation.His mother Kalpakam Yechury was a government officer.He grew up in Hyderabad and studied at All Saints High School, Hyderabad till his tenth standard. The Telangana agitation of 1969 brought him to Delhi.He joined Presidents Estate School, New Delhi and achieved the All-India first rank in the Central Board of Secondary Education Higher Secondary Examination. Subsequently, he studied B.A. (Hons.) in Economics at the St. Stephen's College, Delhi and M.A. in Economics, from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), achieving first class in both. He joined the JNU for a Ph.D. in Economics, which was aborted with his arrest during The Emergency.
Yechury joined the Students Federation of India (SFI) in 1974. A year later, he joined the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
He was arrested in 1975 during the Emergency while he was still a student at JNU. He was underground for some time, organising resistance to the Emergency, before his arrest. After the Emergency, he was elected as the President of the JNU Students' Union thrice during one year (1977–78). Yechury, along with Prakash Karat, was instrumental in creating an impregnable leftist bastion at JNU.
Shashi Tharoor
Shashi Tharoor (born 9 March 1956) is an
Indian politician and a former diplomat who is currently serving as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala since
2009. He also currently serves as Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing
Committee on External Affairsand All India Professionals Congress of
the Indian National Congress.
Tharoor was born in London to the Malayali Hindu family of Lily and Chandran Tharoor of Palakkad, Kerala. His father worked in various positions in London, Bombay, Calcutta and Delhi, including a 25-year career (culminating as group advertising manager) for The Statesman. His paternal uncle was Tharoor Parameshwaran, the founder of Readers Digest in India. After his parents returned to India, Tharoor boarded at Montfort School, Yercaud, in 1962, subsequently moving to Bombay (now Mumbai) and studying at the Campion School (1963–68). He spent his high school years at St. Xavier's Collegiate School in Calcutta (1969–71). He graduated with a bachelor of arts (honours) degree in history from St Stephen's College, Delhi.
In 1975 he moved to the United States to pursue graduate studies at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University where he obtained his MA and MALD and was awarded the Robert B. Stewart Prize for Best Student and completed his PhD at the age of 22. At Fletcher he also helped found and was the first editor of the Fletcher Forum of International Affairs.
He has also been awarded an honorary D.Litt by the University of Puget Sound and a doctorate honoris causa in history by the University of Bucharest.
Tharoor's career in the United Nations began in 1978 as a staff member of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Geneva. From 1981 until 1984 he was head of the UNHCR office in Singapore, during the boat people crisis, for which he led the organisation's rescue efforts at sea and succeeded in resettling a backlog of Vietnamese refugees. He also processed Polish and Acehnese refugee cases.After a further stint at the UNHCR headquarters in Geneva, during which he became the first chairman of the staff elected by UNHCR personnel worldwide, Tharoor left UNHCR. In 1989 he was appointed special assistant to the Under-Secretary General for Special Political Affairs, the unit that later became the Peacekeeping Operations Department in New York. Until 1996, he led the team responsible for peacekeeping operations in the former Yugoslavia, spending considerable time on the ground during the civil war there.
Arun Jaitley
Shashi Tharoor (born 9 March 1956) is an
Indian politician and a former diplomat who is currently serving as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala since
2009. He also currently serves as Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing
Committee on External Affairsand All India Professionals Congress of
the Indian National Congress.
He
was previously Minister of State in the Government of India for External Affairs (2009–2010)
and Human Resource Development (2012–2014). He
is a member of the Indian National Congress and served
as an official spokesperson for the party from January to October 2014. Until
2007, he was a career official at the United Nations, rising to the rank
of Under-Secretary General for
Communications and Public Information in 2001. He announced his retirement
after finishing second in the 2006 selection
for U.N. Secretary-General to Ban Ki-moon.
Tharoor was born in London to the Malayali Hindu family of Lily and Chandran Tharoor of Palakkad, Kerala. His father worked in various positions in London, Bombay, Calcutta and Delhi, including a 25-year career (culminating as group advertising manager) for The Statesman. His paternal uncle was Tharoor Parameshwaran, the founder of Readers Digest in India. After his parents returned to India, Tharoor boarded at Montfort School, Yercaud, in 1962, subsequently moving to Bombay (now Mumbai) and studying at the Campion School (1963–68). He spent his high school years at St. Xavier's Collegiate School in Calcutta (1969–71). He graduated with a bachelor of arts (honours) degree in history from St Stephen's College, Delhi.
In 1975 he moved to the United States to pursue graduate studies at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University where he obtained his MA and MALD and was awarded the Robert B. Stewart Prize for Best Student and completed his PhD at the age of 22. At Fletcher he also helped found and was the first editor of the Fletcher Forum of International Affairs.
He has also been awarded an honorary D.Litt by the University of Puget Sound and a doctorate honoris causa in history by the University of Bucharest.
Tharoor's career in the United Nations began in 1978 as a staff member of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Geneva. From 1981 until 1984 he was head of the UNHCR office in Singapore, during the boat people crisis, for which he led the organisation's rescue efforts at sea and succeeded in resettling a backlog of Vietnamese refugees. He also processed Polish and Acehnese refugee cases.After a further stint at the UNHCR headquarters in Geneva, during which he became the first chairman of the staff elected by UNHCR personnel worldwide, Tharoor left UNHCR. In 1989 he was appointed special assistant to the Under-Secretary General for Special Political Affairs, the unit that later became the Peacekeeping Operations Department in New York. Until 1996, he led the team responsible for peacekeeping operations in the former Yugoslavia, spending considerable time on the ground during the civil war there.
Arun Jaitley
One of the prominent leaders of Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP), Arun Jaitley is the Finance Minister & Minister of Corporate Affairs in the government of India. He also served as a member to the Board of Governors of Asian Development Bank. He is a senior advocate in the Supreme Court and a former Additional Solicitor General of India. Jaitley served as the General Secretary of the BJP in 2002 and then again in 2004. He resigned from the post of General Secretary in 2009 after he was appointed as the leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha under the party principle of “One Man, One Post”. Jaitley has always emerged as a strategic planner of the BJP, helping his party member Narendra Modi win the assembly election in 2002. As the General Secretary, he managed eight assembly elections, which proved victorious for the BJP. He was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha in April 2012 for his third term. He was the Vice President of the BCCI but resigned after the IPL spot-fixing scandal.
Arun Jaitley was born to a family of lawyers, social activists and philanthropists. His father, Maharaj Kishen Jaitley, was also a lawyer and they as a family resided in Naraina Vihar, New Delhi. His mother, Ratan Prabha, was a housewife and a social activist at the same time. Arun Jaitley did his schooling from the St. Xavier’s School (1957-69). He was very passionate about studies, debates, and sports such as cricket. He is a graduate from the Shree Ram College of Commerce and was an active debater and President of the student union of the college. Later, he did LL.B. from the University of Delhi (1973-77).
Since childhood Arun Jaitley had a great amount of interest in law and politics, and his victory in the election as the President of the Delhi University Students’ Union marked the beginning of his political career. He was influenced by the activities of Janata Party and joined the movement against corruption then led by the Janata Party to create awareness among the general public about the misgovernance and corruption by high officials. He was appointed as the Convener of the Coordination Committee of the youth and student organisation.
Arun Jaitley is married to Sangeeta Jaitley, who is the daughter of Giridhar Lal Dogra and Shakuntala Dogra, and has two children, Sonali Jaitley & Rohan Jaitley, and both are lawyers.
He started his political career in 1974 when
he won the election to become the president of Delhi University Students’
Union. At a time when the Congress’s rule was very strong, by winning the
election as an ABVP (Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad) candidate he made a
never-ending impact on the people of India. He was a follower of Jai Prakash
Narain, known as JP, and considered him his mentor. In 1975 when emergency was
declared for 22 months, Arun Jaitley was one of the leaders to be detained and
was imprisoned for 19 months in the Tihar Jail, Delhi. He considered this phase
as the turning point in his life as he came across people of different
backgrounds during his stay in the jail.
In 1977, when the
Congress suffered a humiliating defeat in the general election and Janata Party
came to power, Arun Jaitley was the convener of the Loktantric Yuva Morcha.
CNN
Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System, a division of Time Warner. CNN was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable newschannel. Upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States.
While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S. to distinguish the American channel from its international sister network, CNN International. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U.S. households. Broadcast coverage of the U.S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories.
As of July 2015, CNN is available to about 96,374,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households (82.8% of households with at least one television set) in the United States.
The Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channel's first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the executive vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees, including the network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw.
Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television providers, several websites, and specialized closed-circuit channels . The company has 42 bureaus (11 domestic, 31 international), more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the video newswire service CNN Newsource),and several regional and foreign-language networks around the world.The channel's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turnerand set the stage for conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996.
A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1, 1982 and featured a continuous 24-hour cycle of 30-minute news broadcasts. The channel, which later became known as CNN Headline News and is now known as simply HLN, eventually focused on live news coverage supplemented by personality-based programs during the evening and primetime hours.
Telegram
Telegram is a non-profit cloud-based instant messaging service. Telegram client apps exist for Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Windows NT, macOS and Linux. Users can send messages and exchange photos, videos, stickers, audio and files of any type.
Telegram is founded by Russian entrepreneur Pavel Durov. Its client-side code is open-source software but contains binary blobs, and the source code for recent versions is not always immediately published, whereas its server-side code is closed-source and proprietary. The service also provides APIs to independent developers. In February 2016, Telegram stated that it had 100 million monthly active users, sending 15 billion messages per day. According to its CEO, as of April 2017, Telegram has more than 50% annual growth rate.
The security of Telegram has faced notable scrutiny. Critics argue that Telegram's security model is undermined by its use of a custom-designed encryption protocol that has not been proven reliable and secure, by storing all messages on their servers by default and by not enabling end-to-end encryption for messages by default. Pavel Durov has argued that this is because it helps to avoid third-party unsecure backups and to allow users to access messages and files from any device. Messages in Telegram are server-client encrypted by default, and the service provides end-to-end encryption for voice calls and optional end-to-end encrypted "secret" chats.
Telegram was launched in 2013 by brothers Nikolai and Pavel Durov, who previously founded the Russian social network VK, but had to leave the company after it was taken over by Mail.ru Group. Nikolai Durov created the MTProto protocol that is the basis for the messenger, while Pavel provided financial support and infrastructure through his Digital Fortress fund with business partner Axel Neff, a third founder of Telegram.
Telegram is registered as both an English LLP and an American LLC.It does not disclose where it rents offices or which legal entities it uses to rent them, citing the need to "shelter the team from unnecessary influence" and protect users from governmental data requests. Pavel Durov has said that the service was headquartered in Berlin, Germany, in 2014 and early 2015, but moved to different jurisdictions after failing to obtain resident permits for everyone on the team. Durov left Russia and is said to be moving from country to country with a small group of computer programmers.According to press reports, Telegram has employees in St. Petersburg.
The New York
Times
Nicholas D. Kristof, a columnist for The Times since 2001, is a two-time Pulitzer Prize winner who writes op-ed columns that appear twice a week. Mr. Kristof grew up on a sheep and cherry farm near Yamhill, Oregon. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard College and then studied law at Oxford University on a Rhodes Scholarship, graduating with first class honors. He later studied Arabic in Cairo and Chinese in Taipei. While working in France after high school, he caught the travel bug and began backpacking around Africa and Asia during his student years, writing articles to cover his expenses. Mr. Kristof has lived on four continents, reported on six, and traveled to more than 140 countries, plus all 50 states, every Chinese province and every main Japanese island. He's also one of the very few Americans to be at least a two-time visitor to every member of the so-called "Axis of Evil." During his travels, he has had unpleasant experiences with malaria, mobs and an African airplane crash.
After joining The New York
Times in 1984, initially covering economics, he served as a Times correspondent
in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, Beijing and Tokyo. He also covered presidential
politics and is the author of the chapter on President George W. Bush in the
reference book "The Presidents." He later was Associate Managing
Editor of the Times, responsible for Sunday editions.
In 1990 Mr. Kristof and his
wife, Sheryl WuDunn, then also a Times journalist, won a Pulitzer Prize for
their coverage of China's Tiananmen Square democracy movement. They were the
first married couple to win a Pulitzer for journalism. Mr. Kristof won a second
Pulitzer in 2006, for commentary for what the judges called "his graphic,
deeply reported columns that, at personal risk, focused attention on genocide
in Darfur and that gave voice to the voiceless in other parts of the
world." He has also won other prizes including the George Polk Award, the
Overseas Press Club award, the Michael Kelly award, the Online News Association
award and the American Society of Newspaper Editors award. Mr. Kristof has
taken a special interest in Web journalism and was the first blogger on The New
York Times Web site; he also twitters and has a Facebook fan page and a channel on YouTube. A documentary
about him, "Reporter," premiered
at Sundance Film Festival in 2009 and will be shown on HBO.
Dawn
DAWN is Pakistan's oldest and most widely read English-language newspaper. One of the country's three largest English-language dailies, it is the flagship of the Dawn Group of Newspapers, published by Pakistan Herald Publications, which also owns the Herald, a magazine, Spider, an information technology magazine and Aurora, an advertising, marketing and media magazine.
It was founded by Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in Delhi, India, on 26 October 1941 as a mouthpiece for the Muslim League. The first issue was printed at Latifi Press on 12 October 1942. The newspaper has offices in Karachi (Sindh), Lahore (Punjab), and the federal
capital Islamabad, and representatives abroad. As of 2010, it has a weekday circulation of over 109,000. The CEO of Dawn group is Hameed Haroon, and the current editor of Dawn is Zaffar Abbas. On 24 March 2016, it became the first newspaper to oppose the resumption of the death penalty in Pakistan
Dawn began as a weekly publication, published in New Delhi in 1941. Under the instruction Mr. Jinnah, it became the official organ of the All India Muslim League in Delhi, and the sole voice of the Muslims League in the English language, reflecting and espousing the cause of the independence of Pakistan. Dawn became a daily newspaper in October 1944 under the leadership of its editor, Pothan Joseph, who later resigned in 1944 to take up the position of the government's Principal Information Officer in part because of differences with Jinnah over the Pakistan Movement. He was succeeded by Altaf Husain who as the journal's editor, galvanised the Muslims of India for independence by his editorials, which earned him ire of the Congress Party and of Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy and Governor General of the British Raj both of whom wanted.
Oprah
Winfrey
Oprah Gail Winfrey (born January 29, 1954) is an American media proprietor, talk show host, actress, producer, and philanthropist. Winfrey is best known for her multi-award-winning talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show which was the highest-rated program of its kind in history and was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011. She has also acted in several movies including The Color Purple and The Butler.
Winfrey was born on
January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Winfrey was named "Orpah" after a character in
the Book of Ruth. People made the mistake of calling her "Oprah".
She decided to keep this name. Her parents are Vernita Lee, a maid, and Vernon
Winfrey, a barber. She went to Tennessee State
University in 1971. She
started to work in radio and television in Nashville. She hosted television programs in Baltimore and Chicago.
She endorsed Barack Obama in 2006 for the 2008 election. One estimate said it delivered one million votes in the 2008 Democratic primary race.
Nikyra Rucker loaned Oprah Winfrey money to start her business. Oprah Winfrey now has a lot of money. She gives to many charities. She gives to girls' education in South Africa. In 2013, she was named one of the 400 richest people in the United States. She is the only African-American among this group. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2013 and a honorary doctorate degree from Harvard.
Jabbar Patel
Dr. Jabbar Patel born 23 June 1942, Pandharpur is a theatre and film director of India. His production of the play Vijay Tendulkar's play Ghashiram Kotwal, in 1973 is considered a classic in Modern Indian Theatre.
He is the maker of classics films in Marathi cinema, like, Samna Jait Re Jait (Mohan Agashe, Smita Patil), Umbartha (Smita Patil, Girish Karnad), Simhasan (Nana Patekar, Shreeram Lagoo, Reema Lagoo) Some of his other films are, Mukta, Ek Hota Vidushak, and Musafir(Hindi). His most acclaimed film is Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar released in 1999. He won the 1995 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for his Marathi film, Mukta.
Born in 1942 in Pandharpur in Maharashtra, having taken primary and secondary education in Haribhai Deokaran Highschool Solapur, he was at first a paediatrician. He founded the Marathi experimental theatre group, 'Theatre Academy', which staged Vijay Tendulkar's Ghashiram Kotwal in 1973, followed by, 'Teen Paishacha Tamasha', an adaptation of Brecht's Threepenny Opera in 1974. He wrote the lyrics of the song 'Raya asa dhondu naka angala' from the film 'Samna'. He has worked on the film based on the life and work of Santoor maestro Pandit Shivkumar Sharma
For Jabbar Patel, tackling a political subject is not something new. Waether it was Umbartha, Jait Re Jait, or Simhasan for the silver screen, or Ghasiram Kotwal for the stage, he has handled political subjects.His Upcoming film is also political based "Yashwantrao Chavan
Narayan
Gangaram Surve
He was born on October 15, 1926. Orphaned or abandoned soon after birth, he grew up in the streets of Mumbai, sleeping on the pavement and earning a meager livelihood by doing odd jobs. He taught himself to read and write, and in 1962, published his first collection of poems Aisa Ga Mi Brahm. Majhe Vidyapeeth the book he would be most known for appeared in 1966 while he stayed in Chinchpokli, Mahahrashtra. He received 11 prizes for his book Majhe Vidyapeeth Though he studied only till second standard and never climbed the steps of a college, he is known as one of the best poets of Marathi language.
Surve actively worked in the workers' union movement in Mumbai and supported himself as a schoolteacher. Surve who had lots of faith in Karl Marx won the 'Soviet Land Nehru Award' (for his book Majhe Vidyapeeth) from Soviet Russia in the year 1973 as communist people of Russia were very much fascinated by his views and they thought that he was just one among them. He became the editor of Lokvadmaygruha in the year 1972.
In the 1970s, he was often championed in India as well as in the Soviet Union and some Eastern countries as a proletarian poet.
He died due to old age and after a brief illness on August 16, 2010.
He received 'Soviet Land Nehru Award' from Soviet Russia in 1973 In 1998, he received a Padma Shri award from the Government of India for excellence in Literature & Education.In 2003, A Marathi Short Film named "Narayan Gangaram Surve" was awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize during the 50th National Film Awards.In 1999, He was conferred Kabir Sammanin by the state government of Madhya Pradesh.Narayan Surve was a Convener of the Marathi Advisory Board of Sahitya Akademi.He presided over Marathi Sahitya Sammelan at Parbhani in 1995.
Namdeo
Dhasal
Namdeo Laxman Dhasal 15 February 1949 – 15 January 2014 was a Marathi poet, writer and Dalit activist from Maharashtra, India. He won the Padma Shri in 1999 and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sahitya Akademi in 2004. In 2001, he made a presentation at the first Berlin International Literature Festival.
Namdeo Dhasal was born in 1949, in a small village Pur in Khed taluk near Pune, India. He and his family moved to Mumbai when he was six. A member of the Mahar caste, he grew up in dire poverty.
Following the example of the American Black Panther movement, he founded the Dalit Panther with friends in 1972. This militant organization supported its radical political activism
In 1972, he published his first volume of poetry, Golpitha. More poetry collections followed: Moorkh Mhataryane (By a Foolish Old Man) --inspired by Maoist thoughts--; Tujhi Iyatta Kanchi? (How Educated Are You?); erotic Khel; and Priya Darshini (about the former Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi).
Dhasal wrote two novels, and also published pamphlets such as Andhale Shatak (Century of Blindness) and Ambedkari Chalwal (Ambedkarite Movement), which was a reflection on the socialist and communist concepts of modernist movement founder Babasaheb Ambedkar.
Later, he published two more collections of his poetry: Mi Marale Suryachya Rathache Sat Ghode (I Killed the Seven Horses of the Sun), and Tujhe Boat Dharoon Mi Chalalo Ahe(I'm Walking, Holding Your Finger).
Dhasal wrote columns for the Marathi daily Saamana. Earlier, he worked as an editor for the weekly Satyata.
Dhasal was diagnosed with colon cancer and admitted for treatment in a Mumbai hospital in September 2013.
Satish
Alekar
Satish Vasant Alekar born 30 January 1949 is a Marathi playwright, actor, and theatre director. A founder member of the Theatre Academy of Pune, and most known for his plays Mahanirvan (1974), Mahapoor (1975), Atirekee (1990), Pidhijat (2003), Mickey ani Memsahib (1973), and Begum Barve (1979), all of which he also directed for the Academy. Today, along with Mahesh Elkunchwar and Vijay Tendulkar he is one of the most influential and progressive playwrights not just in modern Marathi theatre, but also larger modern Indian theatre.
He has also remained the head of Centre for Performing Arts, University of Pune (1996–2009), which he founded, after forgoing the Directorship of NSDand previously remained an adjunct professor at Performance Studies, Tisch School of the Arts, New York University as a Fulbright Scholar.
He was awarded the Sangeet Natak
Akademi Award in Playwriting (Marathi) in 1994, by Sangeet Natak
Akademi, India's National
Academy of Music, Dance and Drama. He received the award "Padamshree conferred by the President of India in January 2012.
Alekar gained his first stage experience as an actor in a college play. Impressed by his performance, director Bhalba Kelkar, who had set up the Progressive Dramatic Association, invited him to join it. Alekar wrote and directed his first one-act play Jhulta Pool in 1969. He became a part of a young circle that Jabbar Patel had started within the Progressive Dramatic Association.
This group split with the parent body in 1973 and set up Theater Academy in Pune. The split was over Vijay Tendulkar's play Ghashiram Kotwal. The senior members decided against its premiere in 1972, and Patel's group decided to produce it under the auspices of its own Theater Academy. Alekar assisted Patel in the direction of Ghashiram Kotwal, and the group has since mounted over 35 plays by him and manage to establish its foothold in experimental Marathi theatre.
Alekar conceived of and implemented Playwrights Development Scheme and Regional Theater Group Development. The Ford Foundation for Theater Academy, Pune supported these programs during 1985–1994.
Smita Patil
Smita Patil 17 October 1955 – 13 December 1986was an Indian actress of film, television and theatre. Regarded among the finest stage and film actresses of her times, Patil appeared in over 80 Hindi and Marathi films in a career that spanned just over a decade.During her career, she received two National Film Awards and a Filmfare Award. She was the recipient of the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian honour in 1985.
Patil graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India in Pune and made her film debut with Shyam Benegal's Charandas Chor (1975). She became one of the leading actresses of parallel cinema, a New Wave movement in India cinema, though she also appeared in several mainstream movies throughout her career. Her performances were often acclaimed, and her most notable roles include Manthan (1977), Bhumika (1977), Aakrosh (1980), Chakra (1981), Chidambaram (1985) and Mirch Masala1985).
Apart from acting, Patil was an active feminist and a member of the Women's Centre in Mumbai. She was deeply committed to the advancement of women's issues, and gave her endorsement to films which sought to explore the role of women in traditional Indian society, their sexuality, and the changes facing the middle-class woman in an urban milieu.
Patil was married to actor Raj Babbar. She died on 13 December 1986 at the age of 31 due to childbirth complications. Over ten of her films were released after her death. Her son Prateik Babbar is a film actor who made his debut in 2008.
Shobhaa De
Shobha Rajadhyaksha, also known as Shobhaa De born 7 January 1948, is an Indian columnist and novelist. De is best known for her depiction of socialites and sex in her works of fiction, for which she has come to be known as the Jackie Collins of Indin.
Shobhaa De was born as Shobha Rajadhyaksha to a Saraswat Brahmin Hindu family. in Satara, Maharashtra, India and brought up in Girgaon, Mumbai, India.She started her career as a model along with Zeenat Aman.
After making her name as a model, she began a career in journalism in 1970, during the course of which she founded and edited three magazines—Stardust, Society, and Celebrity. Stardust magazine, published by Mumbai-based Magna Publishing Co. Ltd., was started by Nari Hira in 1971 and became popular under the editorship of Shobhaa De. In the 1980s, she contributed to the Sunday magazine section of The Times of India. In her columns, she used to explore the socialite life in Mumbai lifestyles of the celebrities. At present, she is a freelance writer and columnist for several newspapers and magazines.
Shobhaa De runs four weekly columns in mainstream newspapers, including The Times of India and Asian Age. She has been the writer of several popular soaps on television, including India's second daily serial, Swabhimaan (first is Shanti).
De writes a fortnightly column for The Week.
De has participated in several literary festivals, including the Writers' Festival in Melbourne. She is a regular participant of Bengaluru Literature Festival, having been part of it since its first edition.
Jacques
Dubochet
Jacques Dubochet (born 8 June 1942)is a retired Swiss biophysicist.He is a former researcher at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany, and an honorary professor of biophysics at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland.
In 2017, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Dubochet started to study physics at the de Lausanne in 1962 and obtained his degree in physical engineering in 1967. He obtained a Certificate of Molecular Biology at University of Geneva in 1969 and then began to study electron microscopy of DNA. In 1973, he completed his thesis in biophysics at University of Geneva and University of Basel.
From 1978 to 1987, Jacques Dubochet was group leader at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, then part of West Germany. From 1987 to 2007, he was professor at the University of Lausanne. In 2007, at 65 years old, he retired and became an honorary professor at the University of Lausanne.
Jacques Dubochet is married with two children.He has dyslexia.
Dubochet is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, and a member of the municipal parliament of Morges, where he holds a seat on the supervisory committee.
During his career, Jacques Dubochet developed technologies in cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography and cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections. These technologies are used to image individual biological structures such as protein complexes or virus particles. At Lausanne he took part in initiatives to make scientists more aware of social issues.
In 2014, Jacques Dubochet received EMBL's Lennart Philipson Award.Describing his career in 2015, Professor Gareth Griffiths, his colleague at EMBL explained: "Jacques had a vision. He found a way of freezing thin films of water so fast that crystals had no time to form over time the technique has become increasingly important to life science research, and it is clear today it is Nobel Prize-worthy.
Joachin
Frank
Joachim Frank born 12 September 1940 is a German-born American biophysicist at Columbia University, New York City and a Nobel laureate. He is regarded as the founder of single-particle cryo-electron microscopy , for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2017 with Jacques Dubochet and Richard Henderson. He also made contributions to structure and function of the ribosome from bacteria and eukaryotes.
Frank was born in Weidenau After completing his Vordiplom (B.S.) degree in Physics at the University of Freiburg 1963and his Diplom under Walter Rollwagen’s mentorship at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich with the thesis “Untersuchung der Sekundärelektronen-Emission von Gold am Schmelzpunkt Investigation of secondary electron emission of gold at its melting point 1967, Frank obtained his Ph.D. from the Technical University of Munich for graduate studies in Walter Hoppe’s lab at the Max Planck Institut für Eiweiss- und Lederforschung now Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie with the dissertation Investigations of high-resolution electron micrographs using image difference and reconstruction methods 1970. The thesis explores the use of digital image processing and optical diffraction in the analysis of electron micrographs, and alignment of images using the cross-correlation function.
Richard
Henderson
Richard Henderson FRS FMedSci born 19 July 1945 is a Scottish molecular biologist and biophysicist and pioneer in the field of electron microscopy of biological molecules. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2017 with Jacques Dubochet and Joachim Frank
Henderson worked on the structure and mechanism of chymotrypsin for his Ph.D. with David Blow at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. This interest in membrane proteins led to him working on voltage-gated sodium channels as a post-doctoral researcher at Yale University. Returning to the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1975, Henderson worked with Nigel Unwin to study the structure of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin by electron microscopy. A seminal paper Henderson and Unwin (1975) established a low resolution structural model for bacteriorhodopsin showing the protein to consist of seven transmembrane helices. This paper was important for a number of reasons, not the least of which was that it showed that membrane proteins had well defined structures and that transmembrane alpha-helices could occur. After 1975 Henderson continued to structure of bacteriorhodopsin without Unwin. In 1990 Henderson published an atomic model of bacteriorhodopsin by electron crystallography in the Journal of Molecular Biology.This model was the second ever atomic model of a membrane protein. The techniques Henderson developed for electron crystallography are still in use.
Michael Morris Rosbash
Michael Morris Rosbash born March 7, 1944 is an American geneticist Rosbash is a professor at Brandeis University and investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Rosbash's research group cloned the period gene in 1984 and proposed the Transcription Translation Negative Feedback Loop for circadian clocks in 1990. In 1998, they discovered and cryptochrome photoreceptor in Drosophila through the use of forward genetics, by first identifying the phenotype of a mutant and then determining the genetics behind the mutation. Rosbash was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2003. Along with Michael W. Young and Jeffrey C. Hall, he was awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Michael Rosbash was born in Kansas City, Missouri. His parents, Hilde and Alfred Rosbash, were Jewish refugees who left Nazi Germany in 1938. His father was a cantor, which, in Judaism, is a person who leads the congregation in prayer. Rosbash’s family moved to Boston when he was two years old, and he has been an avid Red Sox fan ever since.
Initially, Rosbash was interested in mathematics but an undergraduate biology course at the California Institute of Technology and a summer of working in Norman Davidson’s lab steered him towards biological research. Rosbash graduated from Caltech in 1965 with a degree in chemistry, spent a year at the Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique in Paris on the Fulbright Scholarship, and obtained a doctoral degree in biophysics in 1970 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under Sheldon Penman. After spending three years on a postdoctoral fellowship in genetics at the University of Edinburgh, Rosbash joined the Brandeis University faculty in 1974.
Rosbash is married to fellow scientist Nadja Abovich and he has a 38-year-old stepdaughter named Paula and 27-year-old daughter named Tanya.
Kip Stephen
Thorne
Kip Stephen Thorne born June 1, 1940 is an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate, known for his contributions in gravitational physics. A longtime friend and colleague of Stephen Hawking and Carl Sagan, he was the FeynmanProfessor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology Caltech until 2009 and is one of the world's leading experts on the astrophysical implications of Einstein's general theory of relativity. He continues to do scientific research and scientific consulting, most notably for the Christopher Nolan film Interstellar.
In 2017, Thorne was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics along with Rainer Weiss and Barry C. Barish "for decisive contributions to the detector and the observation of gravitational waves.
Thorne was born in Logan, Utah on June 1, 1940. His father was an agronomist, his mother Alison Thorne, was an economist and the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in the Economics Department of Iowa State College.Raised in an academic environment, two of his four siblings also became professors. Thorne's parents were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and raised Thorne in the LDS faith, though he now describes himself as atheist. Regarding his views on science and religion, Thorne has stated: "There are large numbers of my finest colleagues who are quite devout and believe in God There is no fundamental incompatibility between science and religion. I happen to not believe in God.
Thorne rapidly excelled at academics early in life, becoming one of the youngest full professors in the history of the California Institute of Technology. He received his B.S. degree from Caltech in 1962, and Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in 1965. He wrote his doctoral thesis, Geometrodynamics of Cylindrical Systems, under the supervision of relativist John Wheeler. Thorne returned to Caltech as an associate professor in 1967 and became a professor of theoretical physics in 1970, the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor in 1981, and the Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics in 1991. He was an adjunct professor at the University of Utah from 1971 to 1998 and Andrew D. White Professor at Large at Cornell University from 1986 to 1992.In June 2009 he resigned his Feynman Professorship (he is now the Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics, Emeritus) to pursue a career of writing and movie making. His first film project was Interstellar, working with Christopher Nolan.
Islam In India
Islam is the second largest religion in India with 14.2% of the country's population or roughly 172 million people identifying as adherents of Islam 2011 census Islam first came to the western coast of India when Arab traders as early as the 7th century CE came to coastal Malabar and KonkanGujarat Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kerala is thought to be the first mosque in India, built in 629 CE by Malik Deenar.Following an expedition by the governor of Bahrain to Bharuch in the 7th century CE, immigrant Arab and Persian trading communities from South Arabia and the Persian Gulf began settling in coastal Gujarat. IsmailiShia Islam was introduced to Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century, when Fatimid Imam Al-Mustansir Billah sent missionaries to Gujarat in 467 AH/1073 CE. Islam arrived in North India in the 12th century via the Turkic invasions and has since become a part of India's religious and cultural heritage. Over the centuries, there has been significant integration of Hindu and Muslim cultures across India.and Muslims have played a prominent role in India's economic rise and cultural influence.
There is much historical evidence to show that Arabs and Muslims interacted with India and Indians from the very early days of Islam or even before the arrival of Islam in Arabia. Arab traders transmitted the numeral system developed by Indians to the Middle East and Europe
One of the prominent leaders of Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP), Arun Jaitley is the Finance Minister & Minister of Corporate Affairs in the government of India. He also served as a member to the Board of Governors of Asian Development Bank. He is a senior advocate in the Supreme Court and a former Additional Solicitor General of India. Jaitley served as the General Secretary of the BJP in 2002 and then again in 2004. He resigned from the post of General Secretary in 2009 after he was appointed as the leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha under the party principle of “One Man, One Post”. Jaitley has always emerged as a strategic planner of the BJP, helping his party member Narendra Modi win the assembly election in 2002. As the General Secretary, he managed eight assembly elections, which proved victorious for the BJP. He was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha in April 2012 for his third term. He was the Vice President of the BCCI but resigned after the IPL spot-fixing scandal.
Arun Jaitley was born to a family of lawyers, social activists and philanthropists. His father, Maharaj Kishen Jaitley, was also a lawyer and they as a family resided in Naraina Vihar, New Delhi. His mother, Ratan Prabha, was a housewife and a social activist at the same time. Arun Jaitley did his schooling from the St. Xavier’s School (1957-69). He was very passionate about studies, debates, and sports such as cricket. He is a graduate from the Shree Ram College of Commerce and was an active debater and President of the student union of the college. Later, he did LL.B. from the University of Delhi (1973-77).
Since childhood Arun Jaitley had a great amount of interest in law and politics, and his victory in the election as the President of the Delhi University Students’ Union marked the beginning of his political career. He was influenced by the activities of Janata Party and joined the movement against corruption then led by the Janata Party to create awareness among the general public about the misgovernance and corruption by high officials. He was appointed as the Convener of the Coordination Committee of the youth and student organisation.
Arun Jaitley is married to Sangeeta Jaitley, who is the daughter of Giridhar Lal Dogra and Shakuntala Dogra, and has two children, Sonali Jaitley & Rohan Jaitley, and both are lawyers.
He started his political career in 1974 when
he won the election to become the president of Delhi University Students’
Union. At a time when the Congress’s rule was very strong, by winning the
election as an ABVP (Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad) candidate he made a
never-ending impact on the people of India. He was a follower of Jai Prakash
Narain, known as JP, and considered him his mentor. In 1975 when emergency was
declared for 22 months, Arun Jaitley was one of the leaders to be detained and
was imprisoned for 19 months in the Tihar Jail, Delhi. He considered this phase
as the turning point in his life as he came across people of different
backgrounds during his stay in the jail.
In 1977, when the Congress suffered a humiliating defeat in the general election and Janata Party came to power, Arun Jaitley was the convener of the Loktantric Yuva Morcha.
In 1977, when the Congress suffered a humiliating defeat in the general election and Janata Party came to power, Arun Jaitley was the convener of the Loktantric Yuva Morcha.
CNN
Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System, a division of Time Warner. CNN was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable newschannel. Upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States.
While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S. to distinguish the American channel from its international sister network, CNN International. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U.S. households. Broadcast coverage of the U.S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories.
As of July 2015, CNN is available to about 96,374,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households (82.8% of households with at least one television set) in the United States.
The Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channel's first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the executive vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees, including the network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw.
Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television providers, several websites, and specialized closed-circuit channels . The company has 42 bureaus (11 domestic, 31 international), more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the video newswire service CNN Newsource),and several regional and foreign-language networks around the world.The channel's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turnerand set the stage for conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996.
A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1, 1982 and featured a continuous 24-hour cycle of 30-minute news broadcasts. The channel, which later became known as CNN Headline News and is now known as simply HLN, eventually focused on live news coverage supplemented by personality-based programs during the evening and primetime hours.
Telegram
Telegram is a non-profit cloud-based instant messaging service. Telegram client apps exist for Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Windows NT, macOS and Linux. Users can send messages and exchange photos, videos, stickers, audio and files of any type.
Telegram is founded by Russian entrepreneur Pavel Durov. Its client-side code is open-source software but contains binary blobs, and the source code for recent versions is not always immediately published, whereas its server-side code is closed-source and proprietary. The service also provides APIs to independent developers. In February 2016, Telegram stated that it had 100 million monthly active users, sending 15 billion messages per day. According to its CEO, as of April 2017, Telegram has more than 50% annual growth rate.
The security of Telegram has faced notable scrutiny. Critics argue that Telegram's security model is undermined by its use of a custom-designed encryption protocol that has not been proven reliable and secure, by storing all messages on their servers by default and by not enabling end-to-end encryption for messages by default. Pavel Durov has argued that this is because it helps to avoid third-party unsecure backups and to allow users to access messages and files from any device. Messages in Telegram are server-client encrypted by default, and the service provides end-to-end encryption for voice calls and optional end-to-end encrypted "secret" chats.
Telegram was launched in 2013 by brothers Nikolai and Pavel Durov, who previously founded the Russian social network VK, but had to leave the company after it was taken over by Mail.ru Group. Nikolai Durov created the MTProto protocol that is the basis for the messenger, while Pavel provided financial support and infrastructure through his Digital Fortress fund with business partner Axel Neff, a third founder of Telegram.
Telegram is registered as both an English LLP and an American LLC.It does not disclose where it rents offices or which legal entities it uses to rent them, citing the need to "shelter the team from unnecessary influence" and protect users from governmental data requests. Pavel Durov has said that the service was headquartered in Berlin, Germany, in 2014 and early 2015, but moved to different jurisdictions after failing to obtain resident permits for everyone on the team. Durov left Russia and is said to be moving from country to country with a small group of computer programmers.According to press reports, Telegram has employees in St. Petersburg.
The New York
Times
Nicholas D. Kristof, a columnist for The Times since 2001, is a two-time Pulitzer Prize winner who writes op-ed columns that appear twice a week. Mr. Kristof grew up on a sheep and cherry farm near Yamhill, Oregon. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard College and then studied law at Oxford University on a Rhodes Scholarship, graduating with first class honors. He later studied Arabic in Cairo and Chinese in Taipei. While working in France after high school, he caught the travel bug and began backpacking around Africa and Asia during his student years, writing articles to cover his expenses. Mr. Kristof has lived on four continents, reported on six, and traveled to more than 140 countries, plus all 50 states, every Chinese province and every main Japanese island. He's also one of the very few Americans to be at least a two-time visitor to every member of the so-called "Axis of Evil." During his travels, he has had unpleasant experiences with malaria, mobs and an African airplane crash.
After joining The New York
Times in 1984, initially covering economics, he served as a Times correspondent
in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, Beijing and Tokyo. He also covered presidential
politics and is the author of the chapter on President George W. Bush in the
reference book "The Presidents." He later was Associate Managing
Editor of the Times, responsible for Sunday editions.
In 1990 Mr. Kristof and his
wife, Sheryl WuDunn, then also a Times journalist, won a Pulitzer Prize for
their coverage of China's Tiananmen Square democracy movement. They were the
first married couple to win a Pulitzer for journalism. Mr. Kristof won a second
Pulitzer in 2006, for commentary for what the judges called "his graphic,
deeply reported columns that, at personal risk, focused attention on genocide
in Darfur and that gave voice to the voiceless in other parts of the
world." He has also won other prizes including the George Polk Award, the
Overseas Press Club award, the Michael Kelly award, the Online News Association
award and the American Society of Newspaper Editors award. Mr. Kristof has
taken a special interest in Web journalism and was the first blogger on The New
York Times Web site; he also twitters and has a Facebook fan page and a channel on YouTube. A documentary
about him, "Reporter," premiered
at Sundance Film Festival in 2009 and will be shown on HBO.
Dawn
DAWN is Pakistan's oldest and most widely read English-language newspaper. One of the country's three largest English-language dailies, it is the flagship of the Dawn Group of Newspapers, published by Pakistan Herald Publications, which also owns the Herald, a magazine, Spider, an information technology magazine and Aurora, an advertising, marketing and media magazine.
It was founded by Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in Delhi, India, on 26 October 1941 as a mouthpiece for the Muslim League. The first issue was printed at Latifi Press on 12 October 1942. The newspaper has offices in Karachi (Sindh), Lahore (Punjab), and the federal
Dawn began as a weekly publication, published in New Delhi in 1941. Under the instruction Mr. Jinnah, it became the official organ of the All India Muslim League in Delhi, and the sole voice of the Muslims League in the English language, reflecting and espousing the cause of the independence of Pakistan. Dawn became a daily newspaper in October 1944 under the leadership of its editor, Pothan Joseph, who later resigned in 1944 to take up the position of the government's Principal Information Officer in part because of differences with Jinnah over the Pakistan Movement. He was succeeded by Altaf Husain who as the journal's editor, galvanised the Muslims of India for independence by his editorials, which earned him ire of the Congress Party and of Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy and Governor General of the British Raj both of whom wanted.
Oprah
Winfrey
Oprah Gail Winfrey (born January 29, 1954) is an American media proprietor, talk show host, actress, producer, and philanthropist. Winfrey is best known for her multi-award-winning talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show which was the highest-rated program of its kind in history and was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011. She has also acted in several movies including The Color Purple and The Butler.
Winfrey was born on
January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Winfrey was named "Orpah" after a character in
the Book of Ruth. People made the mistake of calling her "Oprah".
She decided to keep this name. Her parents are Vernita Lee, a maid, and Vernon
Winfrey, a barber. She went to Tennessee State
University in 1971. She
started to work in radio and television in Nashville. She hosted television programs in Baltimore and Chicago.
She endorsed Barack Obama in 2006 for the 2008 election. One estimate said it delivered one million votes in the 2008 Democratic primary race.
Nikyra Rucker loaned Oprah Winfrey money to start her business. Oprah Winfrey now has a lot of money. She gives to many charities. She gives to girls' education in South Africa. In 2013, she was named one of the 400 richest people in the United States. She is the only African-American among this group. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2013 and a honorary doctorate degree from Harvard.
Jabbar Patel
Dr. Jabbar Patel born 23 June 1942, Pandharpur is a theatre and film director of India. His production of the play Vijay Tendulkar's play Ghashiram Kotwal, in 1973 is considered a classic in Modern Indian Theatre.
He is the maker of classics films in Marathi cinema, like, Samna Jait Re Jait (Mohan Agashe, Smita Patil), Umbartha (Smita Patil, Girish Karnad), Simhasan (Nana Patekar, Shreeram Lagoo, Reema Lagoo) Some of his other films are, Mukta, Ek Hota Vidushak, and Musafir(Hindi). His most acclaimed film is Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar released in 1999. He won the 1995 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration for his Marathi film, Mukta.
Born in 1942 in Pandharpur in Maharashtra, having taken primary and secondary education in Haribhai Deokaran Highschool Solapur, he was at first a paediatrician. He founded the Marathi experimental theatre group, 'Theatre Academy', which staged Vijay Tendulkar's Ghashiram Kotwal in 1973, followed by, 'Teen Paishacha Tamasha', an adaptation of Brecht's Threepenny Opera in 1974. He wrote the lyrics of the song 'Raya asa dhondu naka angala' from the film 'Samna'. He has worked on the film based on the life and work of Santoor maestro Pandit Shivkumar Sharma
For Jabbar Patel, tackling a political subject is not something new. Waether it was Umbartha, Jait Re Jait, or Simhasan for the silver screen, or Ghasiram Kotwal for the stage, he has handled political subjects.His Upcoming film is also political based "Yashwantrao Chavan
Narayan
Gangaram Surve
He was born on October 15, 1926. Orphaned or abandoned soon after birth, he grew up in the streets of Mumbai, sleeping on the pavement and earning a meager livelihood by doing odd jobs. He taught himself to read and write, and in 1962, published his first collection of poems Aisa Ga Mi Brahm. Majhe Vidyapeeth the book he would be most known for appeared in 1966 while he stayed in Chinchpokli, Mahahrashtra. He received 11 prizes for his book Majhe Vidyapeeth Though he studied only till second standard and never climbed the steps of a college, he is known as one of the best poets of Marathi language.
Surve actively worked in the workers' union movement in Mumbai and supported himself as a schoolteacher. Surve who had lots of faith in Karl Marx won the 'Soviet Land Nehru Award' (for his book Majhe Vidyapeeth) from Soviet Russia in the year 1973 as communist people of Russia were very much fascinated by his views and they thought that he was just one among them. He became the editor of Lokvadmaygruha in the year 1972.
In the 1970s, he was often championed in India as well as in the Soviet Union and some Eastern countries as a proletarian poet.
He died due to old age and after a brief illness on August 16, 2010.
He received 'Soviet Land Nehru Award' from Soviet Russia in 1973 In 1998, he received a Padma Shri award from the Government of India for excellence in Literature & Education.In 2003, A Marathi Short Film named "Narayan Gangaram Surve" was awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize during the 50th National Film Awards.In 1999, He was conferred Kabir Sammanin by the state government of Madhya Pradesh.Narayan Surve was a Convener of the Marathi Advisory Board of Sahitya Akademi.He presided over Marathi Sahitya Sammelan at Parbhani in 1995.
Namdeo
Dhasal
Namdeo Laxman Dhasal 15 February 1949 – 15 January 2014 was a Marathi poet, writer and Dalit activist from Maharashtra, India. He won the Padma Shri in 1999 and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sahitya Akademi in 2004. In 2001, he made a presentation at the first Berlin International Literature Festival.
Namdeo Dhasal was born in 1949, in a small village Pur in Khed taluk near Pune, India. He and his family moved to Mumbai when he was six. A member of the Mahar caste, he grew up in dire poverty.
Following the example of the American Black Panther movement, he founded the Dalit Panther with friends in 1972. This militant organization supported its radical political activism
In 1972, he published his first volume of poetry, Golpitha. More poetry collections followed: Moorkh Mhataryane (By a Foolish Old Man) --inspired by Maoist thoughts--; Tujhi Iyatta Kanchi? (How Educated Are You?); erotic Khel; and Priya Darshini (about the former Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi).
Dhasal wrote two novels, and also published pamphlets such as Andhale Shatak (Century of Blindness) and Ambedkari Chalwal (Ambedkarite Movement), which was a reflection on the socialist and communist concepts of modernist movement founder Babasaheb Ambedkar.
Later, he published two more collections of his poetry: Mi Marale Suryachya Rathache Sat Ghode (I Killed the Seven Horses of the Sun), and Tujhe Boat Dharoon Mi Chalalo Ahe(I'm Walking, Holding Your Finger).
Dhasal wrote columns for the Marathi daily Saamana. Earlier, he worked as an editor for the weekly Satyata.
Dhasal was diagnosed with colon cancer and admitted for treatment in a Mumbai hospital in September 2013.
Satish
Alekar
Satish Vasant Alekar born 30 January 1949 is a Marathi playwright, actor, and theatre director. A founder member of the Theatre Academy of Pune, and most known for his plays Mahanirvan (1974), Mahapoor (1975), Atirekee (1990), Pidhijat (2003), Mickey ani Memsahib (1973), and Begum Barve (1979), all of which he also directed for the Academy. Today, along with Mahesh Elkunchwar and Vijay Tendulkar he is one of the most influential and progressive playwrights not just in modern Marathi theatre, but also larger modern Indian theatre.
He has also remained the head of Centre for Performing Arts, University of Pune (1996–2009), which he founded, after forgoing the Directorship of NSDand previously remained an adjunct professor at Performance Studies, Tisch School of the Arts, New York University as a Fulbright Scholar.
He was awarded the Sangeet Natak
Akademi Award in Playwriting (Marathi) in 1994, by Sangeet Natak
Akademi, India's National
Academy of Music, Dance and Drama. He received the award "Padamshree conferred by the President of India in January 2012.
Alekar gained his first stage experience as an actor in a college play. Impressed by his performance, director Bhalba Kelkar, who had set up the Progressive Dramatic Association, invited him to join it. Alekar wrote and directed his first one-act play Jhulta Pool in 1969. He became a part of a young circle that Jabbar Patel had started within the Progressive Dramatic Association.
This group split with the parent body in 1973 and set up Theater Academy in Pune. The split was over Vijay Tendulkar's play Ghashiram Kotwal. The senior members decided against its premiere in 1972, and Patel's group decided to produce it under the auspices of its own Theater Academy. Alekar assisted Patel in the direction of Ghashiram Kotwal, and the group has since mounted over 35 plays by him and manage to establish its foothold in experimental Marathi theatre.
Alekar conceived of and implemented Playwrights Development Scheme and Regional Theater Group Development. The Ford Foundation for Theater Academy, Pune supported these programs during 1985–1994.
Smita Patil
Smita Patil 17 October 1955 – 13 December 1986was an Indian actress of film, television and theatre. Regarded among the finest stage and film actresses of her times, Patil appeared in over 80 Hindi and Marathi films in a career that spanned just over a decade.During her career, she received two National Film Awards and a Filmfare Award. She was the recipient of the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian honour in 1985.
Patil graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India in Pune and made her film debut with Shyam Benegal's Charandas Chor (1975). She became one of the leading actresses of parallel cinema, a New Wave movement in India cinema, though she also appeared in several mainstream movies throughout her career. Her performances were often acclaimed, and her most notable roles include Manthan (1977), Bhumika (1977), Aakrosh (1980), Chakra (1981), Chidambaram (1985) and Mirch Masala1985).
Apart from acting, Patil was an active feminist and a member of the Women's Centre in Mumbai. She was deeply committed to the advancement of women's issues, and gave her endorsement to films which sought to explore the role of women in traditional Indian society, their sexuality, and the changes facing the middle-class woman in an urban milieu.
Patil was married to actor Raj Babbar. She died on 13 December 1986 at the age of 31 due to childbirth complications. Over ten of her films were released after her death. Her son Prateik Babbar is a film actor who made his debut in 2008.
Shobhaa De
Shobha Rajadhyaksha, also known as Shobhaa De born 7 January 1948, is an Indian columnist and novelist. De is best known for her depiction of socialites and sex in her works of fiction, for which she has come to be known as the Jackie Collins of Indin.
Shobhaa De was born as Shobha Rajadhyaksha to a Saraswat Brahmin Hindu family. in Satara, Maharashtra, India and brought up in Girgaon, Mumbai, India.She started her career as a model along with Zeenat Aman.
After making her name as a model, she began a career in journalism in 1970, during the course of which she founded and edited three magazines—Stardust, Society, and Celebrity. Stardust magazine, published by Mumbai-based Magna Publishing Co. Ltd., was started by Nari Hira in 1971 and became popular under the editorship of Shobhaa De. In the 1980s, she contributed to the Sunday magazine section of The Times of India. In her columns, she used to explore the socialite life in Mumbai lifestyles of the celebrities. At present, she is a freelance writer and columnist for several newspapers and magazines.
Shobhaa De runs four weekly columns in mainstream newspapers, including The Times of India and Asian Age. She has been the writer of several popular soaps on television, including India's second daily serial, Swabhimaan (first is Shanti).
De writes a fortnightly column for The Week.
De has participated in several literary festivals, including the Writers' Festival in Melbourne. She is a regular participant of Bengaluru Literature Festival, having been part of it since its first edition.
Jacques
Dubochet
Jacques Dubochet (born 8 June 1942)is a retired Swiss biophysicist.He is a former researcher at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany, and an honorary professor of biophysics at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland.
In 2017, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution Dubochet started to study physics at the de Lausanne in 1962 and obtained his degree in physical engineering in 1967. He obtained a Certificate of Molecular Biology at University of Geneva in 1969 and then began to study electron microscopy of DNA. In 1973, he completed his thesis in biophysics at University of Geneva and University of Basel.
From 1978 to 1987, Jacques Dubochet was group leader at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, then part of West Germany. From 1987 to 2007, he was professor at the University of Lausanne. In 2007, at 65 years old, he retired and became an honorary professor at the University of Lausanne.
Jacques Dubochet is married with two children.He has dyslexia.
Dubochet is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, and a member of the municipal parliament of Morges, where he holds a seat on the supervisory committee.
During his career, Jacques Dubochet developed technologies in cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography and cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections. These technologies are used to image individual biological structures such as protein complexes or virus particles. At Lausanne he took part in initiatives to make scientists more aware of social issues.
In 2014, Jacques Dubochet received EMBL's Lennart Philipson Award.Describing his career in 2015, Professor Gareth Griffiths, his colleague at EMBL explained: "Jacques had a vision. He found a way of freezing thin films of water so fast that crystals had no time to form over time the technique has become increasingly important to life science research, and it is clear today it is Nobel Prize-worthy.
Joachin
Frank
Joachim Frank born 12 September 1940 is a German-born American biophysicist at Columbia University, New York City and a Nobel laureate. He is regarded as the founder of single-particle cryo-electron microscopy , for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2017 with Jacques Dubochet and Richard Henderson. He also made contributions to structure and function of the ribosome from bacteria and eukaryotes.
Frank was born in Weidenau After completing his Vordiplom (B.S.) degree in Physics at the University of Freiburg 1963and his Diplom under Walter Rollwagen’s mentorship at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich with the thesis “Untersuchung der Sekundärelektronen-Emission von Gold am Schmelzpunkt Investigation of secondary electron emission of gold at its melting point 1967, Frank obtained his Ph.D. from the Technical University of Munich for graduate studies in Walter Hoppe’s lab at the Max Planck Institut für Eiweiss- und Lederforschung now Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie with the dissertation Investigations of high-resolution electron micrographs using image difference and reconstruction methods 1970. The thesis explores the use of digital image processing and optical diffraction in the analysis of electron micrographs, and alignment of images using the cross-correlation function.
Richard
Henderson
Richard Henderson FRS FMedSci born 19 July 1945 is a Scottish molecular biologist and biophysicist and pioneer in the field of electron microscopy of biological molecules. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2017 with Jacques Dubochet and Joachim Frank
Henderson worked on the structure and mechanism of chymotrypsin for his Ph.D. with David Blow at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. This interest in membrane proteins led to him working on voltage-gated sodium channels as a post-doctoral researcher at Yale University. Returning to the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1975, Henderson worked with Nigel Unwin to study the structure of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin by electron microscopy. A seminal paper Henderson and Unwin (1975) established a low resolution structural model for bacteriorhodopsin showing the protein to consist of seven transmembrane helices. This paper was important for a number of reasons, not the least of which was that it showed that membrane proteins had well defined structures and that transmembrane alpha-helices could occur. After 1975 Henderson continued to structure of bacteriorhodopsin without Unwin. In 1990 Henderson published an atomic model of bacteriorhodopsin by electron crystallography in the Journal of Molecular Biology.This model was the second ever atomic model of a membrane protein. The techniques Henderson developed for electron crystallography are still in use.
Michael Morris Rosbash
Michael Morris Rosbash born March 7, 1944 is an American geneticist Rosbash is a professor at Brandeis University and investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Rosbash's research group cloned the period gene in 1984 and proposed the Transcription Translation Negative Feedback Loop for circadian clocks in 1990. In 1998, they discovered and cryptochrome photoreceptor in Drosophila through the use of forward genetics, by first identifying the phenotype of a mutant and then determining the genetics behind the mutation. Rosbash was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2003. Along with Michael W. Young and Jeffrey C. Hall, he was awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Michael Rosbash was born in Kansas City, Missouri. His parents, Hilde and Alfred Rosbash, were Jewish refugees who left Nazi Germany in 1938. His father was a cantor, which, in Judaism, is a person who leads the congregation in prayer. Rosbash’s family moved to Boston when he was two years old, and he has been an avid Red Sox fan ever since.
Initially, Rosbash was interested in mathematics but an undergraduate biology course at the California Institute of Technology and a summer of working in Norman Davidson’s lab steered him towards biological research. Rosbash graduated from Caltech in 1965 with a degree in chemistry, spent a year at the Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique in Paris on the Fulbright Scholarship, and obtained a doctoral degree in biophysics in 1970 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under Sheldon Penman. After spending three years on a postdoctoral fellowship in genetics at the University of Edinburgh, Rosbash joined the Brandeis University faculty in 1974.
Rosbash is married to fellow scientist Nadja Abovich and he has a 38-year-old stepdaughter named Paula and 27-year-old daughter named Tanya.
Kip Stephen
Thorne
Kip Stephen Thorne born June 1, 1940 is an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate, known for his contributions in gravitational physics. A longtime friend and colleague of Stephen Hawking and Carl Sagan, he was the FeynmanProfessor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology Caltech until 2009 and is one of the world's leading experts on the astrophysical implications of Einstein's general theory of relativity. He continues to do scientific research and scientific consulting, most notably for the Christopher Nolan film Interstellar.
In 2017, Thorne was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics along with Rainer Weiss and Barry C. Barish "for decisive contributions to the detector and the observation of gravitational waves.
Thorne was born in Logan, Utah on June 1, 1940. His father was an agronomist, his mother Alison Thorne, was an economist and the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in the Economics Department of Iowa State College.Raised in an academic environment, two of his four siblings also became professors. Thorne's parents were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and raised Thorne in the LDS faith, though he now describes himself as atheist. Regarding his views on science and religion, Thorne has stated: "There are large numbers of my finest colleagues who are quite devout and believe in God There is no fundamental incompatibility between science and religion. I happen to not believe in God.
Thorne rapidly excelled at academics early in life, becoming one of the youngest full professors in the history of the California Institute of Technology. He received his B.S. degree from Caltech in 1962, and Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in 1965. He wrote his doctoral thesis, Geometrodynamics of Cylindrical Systems, under the supervision of relativist John Wheeler. Thorne returned to Caltech as an associate professor in 1967 and became a professor of theoretical physics in 1970, the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor in 1981, and the Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics in 1991. He was an adjunct professor at the University of Utah from 1971 to 1998 and Andrew D. White Professor at Large at Cornell University from 1986 to 1992.In June 2009 he resigned his Feynman Professorship (he is now the Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics, Emeritus) to pursue a career of writing and movie making. His first film project was Interstellar, working with Christopher Nolan.
Islam In India
Islam is the second largest religion in India with 14.2% of the country's population or roughly 172 million people identifying as adherents of Islam 2011 census Islam first came to the western coast of India when Arab traders as early as the 7th century CE came to coastal Malabar and KonkanGujarat Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kerala is thought to be the first mosque in India, built in 629 CE by Malik Deenar.Following an expedition by the governor of Bahrain to Bharuch in the 7th century CE, immigrant Arab and Persian trading communities from South Arabia and the Persian Gulf began settling in coastal Gujarat. IsmailiShia Islam was introduced to Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century, when Fatimid Imam Al-Mustansir Billah sent missionaries to Gujarat in 467 AH/1073 CE. Islam arrived in North India in the 12th century via the Turkic invasions and has since become a part of India's religious and cultural heritage. Over the centuries, there has been significant integration of Hindu and Muslim cultures across India.and Muslims have played a prominent role in India's economic rise and cultural influence.
There is much historical evidence to show that Arabs and Muslims interacted with India and Indians from the very early days of Islam or even before the arrival of Islam in Arabia. Arab traders transmitted the numeral system developed by Indians to the Middle East and Europe
KUSHTI कुश्ती - Traditional In
Pehlwani is a form of wrestling from the South Asia. It was developed in the Mughal Empire by combining native malla-yuddha with influences from Persian varzesh-e bastani.The words pehlwani and kushti derive from the Persian terms pahlavani and koshtirespectively. It is likely that the word derives from the Iranian word "Pehalavi" denoting an Iranian people.
A practitioner of this sport is referred to as a pehlwan while teachers are known as ustad. Many southern Indian practitioners of traditional malla-yuddha consider their art to be the more "pure" form of Indian wrestling, but most South Asians do not make this clear distinction and simply view kushti as the direct descendent of ancient malla-yuddha, usually downplaying the foreign influence as inconsequential.
The ancient South Asian form of wrestling is called malla-yuddha. Practiced at least since the 5th millenniun BC,[described in the 13th century treatise Malla Purana, it was the precursor of modern kushti.
In the 16th century, northern India was conquered by the Central Asian Mughals, who were of Turko-Mongol descent. Through the influence of Iranian and Mongolian wrestling, they incorporated groundwork to the local malla-yuddha, thereby creating modern kushti. Babur, the first Mughal emperor, was a wrestler himself and could reportedly run very fast for a long distance while holding a man under each arm. Mughal-era wrestlers sometimes even wore bagh naka on one hand, in a variation called naki ka kushti
During the late 17th century, Ramadasa the "father of Indian athletics" travelled the country encouraging Hindus to physical activity in homage to the great god Hanuman. Maratha rulers supported kushti by offering large sums of prize money for tournament champions. It was said that every Maratha boy at the time could wrestle and even women took up the sport. During the colonial period, local princes sustained the popularity of kushti by hosting matches and competitions. Wrestling was the favourite spectator sport of the Rajputs, and were said to look forward to tournaments "with great anxiety". Every Rajput prince or chief had a number of wrestling champions to compete for his entertainment. The greatest wrestling centres were said to be Uttar Pradesh and the Panjab.
Warli Painting
Warli painting is one of the oldest and rare art of india created by adivasis. There are some cities like dhanu, talasar, jawhar, palghar, mokada in these cities this art is going on and they are teaching this art to next generation.
The warli is located outside of mumbai. it is on of the largest cities in india the warli painting entered because of concept of mother nature.
They wanted to show there culture and farming life and there problems the main way of life sources of food they tributed. They respect the nature and wild life resorces warli painting is similar to how ancient people use the creativity and caves as there canvas.
2. Sahitya Akademi
If we talk about academy those are dedicated to literature in the indian language so that the first come on our list is sahitya akademi. this akademi founded on 12 march in 1954 it is situated at Robindra bhavan near mandi house in delhi.
it is use for taking regional workshop and seminars. they provides reseache, travel information to there agents. There are some book that published by journalist includes encyclopedia of indian literature and the main benefit of sahitya akademi is there followers will get lifetime membership and achievement
I searched on net went to different places after that i came to know that sahitya akademi is indians one of the biggest and multi language library with variety collection of books anclude Regional Books, Educational, Cultural. And also they publish mothly books that are Indian Literature ( In English ), Samkaleen Bhartiya ( In Hindi )
3. Media And Gond Community
When we talk about gond community and there people it is very extra ordinary topic to discuss and doing reseaches is pretty much challenging but there are something that attract us toward gond coommunity
Basically gond people are adivasis people of central india that they are spread all over madya pradesh in very big amount. in 1950s gond known as raj gond but now a days it became gond because of the roles of rajs of gond community.
In gond community usually they talk in telugu language and half of dondas speak gondi language. According to research the population of gonds was 5.1 million in 1971. in 1991 this had increased 9.2 million and in 2001 this was nearly 11 million.
A Movie
When we talk about movies so first thing that come in mind that is adventure, suspence, romance, action these are the medium of a movie that we see in a movie. There are some movie that we saw many times includes, spiderman, superman, krrish etc.
Movies Was made for only entertainment purpose already you have seen many movies includes bollywood, hollywood etc.
but today i wanna talk about One hollywood movie that is spiderman.
we all are know spiderman we grown up with this movie this movies made in 2002 based on marvel comic. there was a charector name peter parker was learning in high school living in new york city. He had crush on Mary Jane Watson he wanted to say to that thing that i love you but he could not becuase of so much fear.
One day he went to a science lab in that lab one spider had bite him after that he had felt he became a superhero.
so basically its a imaginary thing that we can not convert into reality but as we know it is made for entertainment surpose.we should watch movie becuase when we watch movie we go to thought less state that is very amazing in that state very less number of thought running in our mind so if we want so relax our mind so we should watch movie.
Triple Talaq
Triple talaq means instant divorce this is one of the biggest problem of muslim womens that are are suffering. Triple talaq is a type of islamic divorce which has been used by muslim in india.
Any muslim man can give divorce to his wife by saying the words that is ( TALAQ TALAQ TAKAQ ). In written , oral, electronic form. Triple talaq this issue has been a subject for debit and discuss. It has been in controvercy since last many year.
The Debate has involved the government of india and the supreme court of india. On 22 august 2017 the indian supreme courte decided instant triple talaq unconstitiutional. Government Ban the triple talaq in india.
There are (N) number of muslim womens those are suffering from oral triple talaq there are many cases filled in in court by muslim womens like ( Sayara Bano, Ishrat Jahan, athiya Sabri, afreen Rehman, Gulshan Parven these are the womens they had filled the cases in court of triple talaq etc.
Muslim Mens has been harasing there wife by giving warning of talaq and there are many muslim womens they are suffering from the same problem they got talaq on ( Phone, Letters, SMS ) etc.
If we see in quran there is nothing written like that we can give talaq by saying ( TALAQ, TALAQ, TALAQ ) ther is a particular process for giving Talaq . People have made this trent that we can give talaq by Saying ( TALAQ, TALAQ, TALAQ ) . It should not be like that and court have taken a good decition that Triple Oral Talaq Is Ban.
Badminton
Badminton is a sports game using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. This is a very cool and friendly game badmintan can be play in a team and singles with one player on one side and two player on another side.
Is is a played as a casual outdoor places like if you are going on for chilling with friends and family when we go on beaches so badminton can do wonders.
Points are scored by striking the shuttlecock with the help of rackets. Each sides can strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net. Game ends once the shuttlecock has touch the floor.
Warli Painting
Warli painting is one of the oldest and rare art of india created by adivasis. There are some cities like dhanu, talasar, jawhar, palghar, mokada in these cities this art is going on and they are teaching this art to next generation.
The warli is located outside of mumbai. it is on of the largest cities in india the warli painting entered because of concept of mother nature.
They wanted to show there culture and farming life and there problems the main way of life sources of food they tributed. They respect the nature and wild life resorces warli painting is similar to how ancient people use the creativity and caves as there canvas.
2. Sahitya Akademi
If we talk about academy those are dedicated to literature in the indian language so that the first come on our list is sahitya akademi. this akademi founded on 12 march in 1954 it is situated at Robindra bhavan near mandi house in delhi.
it is use for taking regional workshop and seminars. they provides reseache, travel information to there agents. There are some book that published by journalist includes encyclopedia of indian literature and the main benefit of sahitya akademi is there followers will get lifetime membership and achievement
I searched on net went to different places after that i came to know that sahitya akademi is indians one of the biggest and multi language library with variety collection of books anclude Regional Books, Educational, Cultural. And also they publish mothly books that are Indian Literature ( In English ), Samkaleen Bhartiya ( In Hindi )
3. Media And Gond Community
When we talk about gond community and there people it is very extra ordinary topic to discuss and doing reseaches is pretty much challenging but there are something that attract us toward gond coommunity
Basically gond people are adivasis people of central india that they are spread all over madya pradesh in very big amount. in 1950s gond known as raj gond but now a days it became gond because of the roles of rajs of gond community.
In gond community usually they talk in telugu language and half of dondas speak gondi language. According to research the population of gonds was 5.1 million in 1971. in 1991 this had increased 9.2 million and in 2001 this was nearly 11 million.
A Movie
When we talk about movies so first thing that come in mind that is adventure, suspence, romance, action these are the medium of a movie that we see in a movie. There are some movie that we saw many times includes, spiderman, superman, krrish etc.
Movies Was made for only entertainment purpose already you have seen many movies includes bollywood, hollywood etc.
but today i wanna talk about One hollywood movie that is spiderman.
we all are know spiderman we grown up with this movie this movies made in 2002 based on marvel comic. there was a charector name peter parker was learning in high school living in new york city. He had crush on Mary Jane Watson he wanted to say to that thing that i love you but he could not becuase of so much fear.
One day he went to a science lab in that lab one spider had bite him after that he had felt he became a superhero.
so basically its a imaginary thing that we can not convert into reality but as we know it is made for entertainment surpose.we should watch movie becuase when we watch movie we go to thought less state that is very amazing in that state very less number of thought running in our mind so if we want so relax our mind so we should watch movie.
Triple Talaq
Triple talaq means instant divorce this is one of the biggest problem of muslim womens that are are suffering. Triple talaq is a type of islamic divorce which has been used by muslim in india.
Any muslim man can give divorce to his wife by saying the words that is ( TALAQ TALAQ TAKAQ ). In written , oral, electronic form. Triple talaq this issue has been a subject for debit and discuss. It has been in controvercy since last many year.
The Debate has involved the government of india and the supreme court of india. On 22 august 2017 the indian supreme courte decided instant triple talaq unconstitiutional. Government Ban the triple talaq in india.
There are (N) number of muslim womens those are suffering from oral triple talaq there are many cases filled in in court by muslim womens like ( Sayara Bano, Ishrat Jahan, athiya Sabri, afreen Rehman, Gulshan Parven these are the womens they had filled the cases in court of triple talaq etc.
Muslim Mens has been harasing there wife by giving warning of talaq and there are many muslim womens they are suffering from the same problem they got talaq on ( Phone, Letters, SMS ) etc.
If we see in quran there is nothing written like that we can give talaq by saying ( TALAQ, TALAQ, TALAQ ) ther is a particular process for giving Talaq . People have made this trent that we can give talaq by Saying ( TALAQ, TALAQ, TALAQ ) . It should not be like that and court have taken a good decition that Triple Oral Talaq Is Ban.
Badminton
Badminton is a sports game using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. This is a very cool and friendly game badmintan can be play in a team and singles with one player on one side and two player on another side.
Is is a played as a casual outdoor places like if you are going on for chilling with friends and family when we go on beaches so badminton can do wonders.
Points are scored by striking the shuttlecock with the help of rackets. Each sides can strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net. Game ends once the shuttlecock has touch the floor.
Islam In India
Islam is the second largest religion in India with 14.2% of the country's population or roughly 172 million people identifying as adherents of Islam 2011 census Islam first came to the western coast of India when Arab traders as early as the 7th century CE came to coastal Malabar and KonkanGujarat Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kerala is thought to be the first mosque in India, built in 629 CE by Malik Deenar.Following an expedition by the governor of Bahrain to Bharuch in the 7th century CE, immigrant Arab and Persian trading communities from South Arabia and the Persian Gulf began settling in coastal Gujarat. IsmailiShia Islam was introduced to Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century, when Fatimid Imam Al-Mustansir Billah sent missionaries to Gujarat in 467 AH/1073 CE. Islam arrived in North India in the 12th century via the Turkic invasions and has since become a part of India's religious and cultural heritage. Over the centuries, there has been significant integration of Hindu and Muslim cultures across India.and Muslims have played a prominent role in India's economic rise and cultural influence.
There is much historical evidence to show that Arabs and Muslims interacted with India and Indians from the very early days of Islam or even before the arrival of Islam in Arabia. Arab traders transmitted the numeral system developed by Indians to the Middle East and Europe.
Pehlwani is a form of wrestling from the South Asia. It was developed in the Mughal Empire by combining native malla-yuddha with influences from Persian varzesh-e bastani.The words pehlwani and kushti derive from the Persian terms pahlavani and koshtirespectively. It is likely that the word derives from the Iranian word "Pehalavi" denoting an Iranian people.
A practitioner of this sport is referred to as a pehlwan while teachers are known as ustad. Many southern Indian practitioners of traditional malla-yuddha consider their art to be the more "pure" form of Indian wrestling, but most South Asians do not make this clear distinction and simply view kushti as the direct descendent of ancient malla-yuddha, usually downplaying the foreign influence as inconsequential.
The ancient South Asian form of wrestling is called malla-yuddha. Practiced at least since the 5th millenniun BC,[described in the 13th century treatise Malla Purana, it was the precursor of modern kushti.
In the 16th century, northern India was conquered by the Central Asian Mughals, who were of Turko-Mongol descent. Through the influence of Iranian and Mongolian wrestling, they incorporated groundwork to the local malla-yuddha, thereby creating modern kushti. Babur, the first Mughal emperor, was a wrestler himself and could reportedly run very fast for a long distance while holding a man under each arm. Mughal-era wrestlers sometimes even wore bagh naka on one hand, in a variation called naki ka kushti
During the late 17th century, Ramadasa the "father of Indian athletics" travelled the country encouraging Hindus to physical activity in homage to the great god Hanuman. Maratha rulers supported kushti by offering large sums of prize money for tournament champions. It was said that every Maratha boy at the time could wrestle and even women took up the sport. During the colonial period, local princes sustained the popularity of kushti by hosting matches and competitions. Wrestling was the favourite spectator sport of the Rajputs, and were said to look forward to tournaments "with great anxiety". Every Rajput prince or chief had a number of wrestling champions to compete for his entertainment. The greatest wrestling centres were said to be Uttar Pradesh and the Panjab.
Warli Painting
Warli painting is one of the oldest and rare art of india created by adivasis. There are some cities like dhanu, talasar, jawhar, palghar, mokada in these cities this art is going on and they are teaching this art to next generation.
The warli is located outside of mumbai. it is on of the largest cities in india the warli painting entered because of concept of mother nature.
They wanted to show there culture and farming life and there problems the main way of life sources of food they tributed. They respect the nature and wild life resorces warli painting is similar to how ancient people use the creativity and caves as there canvas.
2. Sahitya Akademi
If we talk about academy those are dedicated to literature in the indian language so that the first come on our list is sahitya akademi. this akademi founded on 12 march in 1954 it is situated at Robindra bhavan near mandi house in delhi.
it is use for taking regional workshop and seminars. they provides reseache, travel information to there agents. There are some book that published by journalist includes encyclopedia of indian literature and the main benefit of sahitya akademi is there followers will get lifetime membership and achievement
I searched on net went to different places after that i came to know that sahitya akademi is indians one of the biggest and multi language library with variety collection of books anclude Regional Books, Educational, Cultural. And also they publish mothly books that are Indian Literature ( In English ), Samkaleen Bhartiya ( In Hindi )
3. Media And Gond Community
When we talk about gond community and there people it is very extra ordinary topic to discuss and doing reseaches is pretty much challenging but there are something that attract us toward gond coommunity
Basically gond people are adivasis people of central india that they are spread all over madya pradesh in very big amount. in 1950s gond known as raj gond but now a days it became gond because of the roles of rajs of gond community.
In gond community usually they talk in telugu language and half of dondas speak gondi language. According to research the population of gonds was 5.1 million in 1971. in 1991 this had increased 9.2 million and in 2001 this was nearly 11 million.
A Movie
When we talk about movies so first thing that come in mind that is adventure, suspence, romance, action these are the medium of a movie that we see in a movie. There are some movie that we saw many times includes, spiderman, superman, krrish etc.
Movies Was made for only entertainment purpose already you have seen many movies includes bollywood, hollywood etc.
but today i wanna talk about One hollywood movie that is spiderman.
we all are know spiderman we grown up with this movie this movies made in 2002 based on marvel comic. there was a charector name peter parker was learning in high school living in new york city. He had crush on Mary Jane Watson he wanted to say to that thing that i love you but he could not becuase of so much fear.
One day he went to a science lab in that lab one spider had bite him after that he had felt he became a superhero.
so basically its a imaginary thing that we can not convert into reality but as we know it is made for entertainment surpose.we should watch movie becuase when we watch movie we go to thought less state that is very amazing in that state very less number of thought running in our mind so if we want so relax our mind so we should watch movie.
Triple Talaq
Triple talaq means instant divorce this is one of the biggest problem of muslim womens that are are suffering. Triple talaq is a type of islamic divorce which has been used by muslim in india.
Any muslim man can give divorce to his wife by saying the words that is ( TALAQ TALAQ TAKAQ ). In written , oral, electronic form. Triple talaq this issue has been a subject for debit and discuss. It has been in controvercy since last many year.
The Debate has involved the government of india and the supreme court of india. On 22 august 2017 the indian supreme courte decided instant triple talaq unconstitiutional. Government Ban the triple talaq in india.
There are (N) number of muslim womens those are suffering from oral triple talaq there are many cases filled in in court by muslim womens like ( Sayara Bano, Ishrat Jahan, athiya Sabri, afreen Rehman, Gulshan Parven these are the womens they had filled the cases in court of triple talaq etc.
Muslim Mens has been harasing there wife by giving warning of talaq and there are many muslim womens they are suffering from the same problem they got talaq on ( Phone, Letters, SMS ) etc.
If we see in quran there is nothing written like that we can give talaq by saying ( TALAQ, TALAQ, TALAQ ) ther is a particular process for giving Talaq . People have made this trent that we can give talaq by Saying ( TALAQ, TALAQ, TALAQ ) . It should not be like that and court have taken a good decition that Triple Oral Talaq Is Ban.
Badminton
Badminton is a sports game using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. This is a very cool and friendly game badmintan can be play in a team and singles with one player on one side and two player on another side.
Is is a played as a casual outdoor places like if you are going on for chilling with friends and family when we go on beaches so badminton can do wonders.
Points are scored by striking the shuttlecock with the help of rackets. Each sides can strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net. Game ends once the shuttlecock has touch the floor.
Warli Painting
Warli painting is one of the oldest and rare art of india created by adivasis. There are some cities like dhanu, talasar, jawhar, palghar, mokada in these cities this art is going on and they are teaching this art to next generation.
The warli is located outside of mumbai. it is on of the largest cities in india the warli painting entered because of concept of mother nature.
They wanted to show there culture and farming life and there problems the main way of life sources of food they tributed. They respect the nature and wild life resorces warli painting is similar to how ancient people use the creativity and caves as there canvas.
2. Sahitya Akademi
If we talk about academy those are dedicated to literature in the indian language so that the first come on our list is sahitya akademi. this akademi founded on 12 march in 1954 it is situated at Robindra bhavan near mandi house in delhi.
it is use for taking regional workshop and seminars. they provides reseache, travel information to there agents. There are some book that published by journalist includes encyclopedia of indian literature and the main benefit of sahitya akademi is there followers will get lifetime membership and achievement
I searched on net went to different places after that i came to know that sahitya akademi is indians one of the biggest and multi language library with variety collection of books anclude Regional Books, Educational, Cultural. And also they publish mothly books that are Indian Literature ( In English ), Samkaleen Bhartiya ( In Hindi )
3. Media And Gond Community
When we talk about gond community and there people it is very extra ordinary topic to discuss and doing reseaches is pretty much challenging but there are something that attract us toward gond coommunity
Basically gond people are adivasis people of central india that they are spread all over madya pradesh in very big amount. in 1950s gond known as raj gond but now a days it became gond because of the roles of rajs of gond community.
In gond community usually they talk in telugu language and half of dondas speak gondi language. According to research the population of gonds was 5.1 million in 1971. in 1991 this had increased 9.2 million and in 2001 this was nearly 11 million.
A Movie
When we talk about movies so first thing that come in mind that is adventure, suspence, romance, action these are the medium of a movie that we see in a movie. There are some movie that we saw many times includes, spiderman, superman, krrish etc.
Movies Was made for only entertainment purpose already you have seen many movies includes bollywood, hollywood etc.
but today i wanna talk about One hollywood movie that is spiderman.
we all are know spiderman we grown up with this movie this movies made in 2002 based on marvel comic. there was a charector name peter parker was learning in high school living in new york city. He had crush on Mary Jane Watson he wanted to say to that thing that i love you but he could not becuase of so much fear.
One day he went to a science lab in that lab one spider had bite him after that he had felt he became a superhero.
so basically its a imaginary thing that we can not convert into reality but as we know it is made for entertainment surpose.we should watch movie becuase when we watch movie we go to thought less state that is very amazing in that state very less number of thought running in our mind so if we want so relax our mind so we should watch movie.
Triple Talaq
Triple talaq means instant divorce this is one of the biggest problem of muslim womens that are are suffering. Triple talaq is a type of islamic divorce which has been used by muslim in india.
Any muslim man can give divorce to his wife by saying the words that is ( TALAQ TALAQ TAKAQ ). In written , oral, electronic form. Triple talaq this issue has been a subject for debit and discuss. It has been in controvercy since last many year.
The Debate has involved the government of india and the supreme court of india. On 22 august 2017 the indian supreme courte decided instant triple talaq unconstitiutional. Government Ban the triple talaq in india.
There are (N) number of muslim womens those are suffering from oral triple talaq there are many cases filled in in court by muslim womens like ( Sayara Bano, Ishrat Jahan, athiya Sabri, afreen Rehman, Gulshan Parven these are the womens they had filled the cases in court of triple talaq etc.
Muslim Mens has been harasing there wife by giving warning of talaq and there are many muslim womens they are suffering from the same problem they got talaq on ( Phone, Letters, SMS ) etc.
If we see in quran there is nothing written like that we can give talaq by saying ( TALAQ, TALAQ, TALAQ ) ther is a particular process for giving Talaq . People have made this trent that we can give talaq by Saying ( TALAQ, TALAQ, TALAQ ) . It should not be like that and court have taken a good decition that Triple Oral Talaq Is Ban.
Badminton
Badminton is a sports game using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. This is a very cool and friendly game badmintan can be play in a team and singles with one player on one side and two player on another side.
Is is a played as a casual outdoor places like if you are going on for chilling with friends and family when we go on beaches so badminton can do wonders.
Points are scored by striking the shuttlecock with the help of rackets. Each sides can strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net. Game ends once the shuttlecock has touch the floor.
Islam In India
Islam is the second largest religion in India with 14.2% of the country's population or roughly 172 million people identifying as adherents of Islam 2011 census Islam first came to the western coast of India when Arab traders as early as the 7th century CE came to coastal Malabar and KonkanGujarat Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kerala is thought to be the first mosque in India, built in 629 CE by Malik Deenar.Following an expedition by the governor of Bahrain to Bharuch in the 7th century CE, immigrant Arab and Persian trading communities from South Arabia and the Persian Gulf began settling in coastal Gujarat. IsmailiShia Islam was introduced to Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century, when Fatimid Imam Al-Mustansir Billah sent missionaries to Gujarat in 467 AH/1073 CE. Islam arrived in North India in the 12th century via the Turkic invasions and has since become a part of India's religious and cultural heritage. Over the centuries, there has been significant integration of Hindu and Muslim cultures across India.and Muslims have played a prominent role in India's economic rise and cultural influence.
There is much historical evidence to show that Arabs and Muslims interacted with India and Indians from the very early days of Islam or even before the arrival of Islam in Arabia. Arab traders transmitted the numeral system developed by Indians to the Middle East and Europe.
Political History :
Bengal sultanate
Gujarat sultanate
Deccan sultanates
KUSHTI कुश्ती - Traditional In
Pehlwani is a form of wrestling from the South Asia. It was developed in the Mughal Empire by combining native malla-yuddha with influences from Persian varzesh-e bastani.The words pehlwani and kushti derive from the Persian terms pahlavani and koshtirespectively. It is likely that the word derives from the Iranian word "Pehalavi" denoting an Iranian people.
A practitioner of this sport is referred to as a pehlwan while teachers are known as ustad. Many southern Indian practitioners of traditional malla-yuddha consider their art to be the more "pure" form of Indian wrestling, but most South Asians do not make this clear distinction and simply view kushti as the direct descendent of ancient malla-yuddha, usually downplaying the foreign influence as inconsequential.
The ancient South Asian form of wrestling is called malla-yuddha. Practiced at least since the 5th millenniun BC,[described in the 13th century treatise Malla Purana, it was the precursor of modern kushti.
In the 16th century, northern India was conquered by the Central Asian Mughals, who were of Turko-Mongol descent. Through the influence of Iranian and Mongolian wrestling, they incorporated groundwork to the local malla-yuddha, thereby creating modern kushti. Babur, the first Mughal emperor, was a wrestler himself and could reportedly run very fast for a long distance while holding a man under each arm. Mughal-era wrestlers sometimes even wore bagh naka on one hand, in a variation called naki ka kushti
During the late 17th century, Ramadasa the "father of Indian athletics" travelled the country encouraging Hindus to physical activity in homage to the great god Hanuman. Maratha rulers supported kushti by offering large sums of prize money for tournament champions. It was said that every Maratha boy at the time could wrestle and even women took up the sport. During the colonial period, local princes sustained the popularity of kushti by hosting matches and competitions. Wrestling was the favourite spectator sport of the Rajputs, and were said to look forward to tournaments "with great anxiety". Every Rajput prince or chief had a number of wrestling champions to compete for his entertainment. The greatest wrestling centres were said to be Uttar Pradesh and the Panjab.
Pehlwani is a form of wrestling from the South Asia. It was developed in the Mughal Empire by combining native malla-yuddha with influences from Persian varzesh-e bastani.The words pehlwani and kushti derive from the Persian terms pahlavani and koshtirespectively. It is likely that the word derives from the Iranian word "Pehalavi" denoting an Iranian people.
A practitioner of this sport is referred to as a pehlwan while teachers are known as ustad. Many southern Indian practitioners of traditional malla-yuddha consider their art to be the more "pure" form of Indian wrestling, but most South Asians do not make this clear distinction and simply view kushti as the direct descendent of ancient malla-yuddha, usually downplaying the foreign influence as inconsequential.
The ancient South Asian form of wrestling is called malla-yuddha. Practiced at least since the 5th millenniun BC,[described in the 13th century treatise Malla Purana, it was the precursor of modern kushti.
In the 16th century, northern India was conquered by the Central Asian Mughals, who were of Turko-Mongol descent. Through the influence of Iranian and Mongolian wrestling, they incorporated groundwork to the local malla-yuddha, thereby creating modern kushti. Babur, the first Mughal emperor, was a wrestler himself and could reportedly run very fast for a long distance while holding a man under each arm. Mughal-era wrestlers sometimes even wore bagh naka on one hand, in a variation called naki ka kushti
During the late 17th century, Ramadasa the "father of Indian athletics" travelled the country encouraging Hindus to physical activity in homage to the great god Hanuman. Maratha rulers supported kushti by offering large sums of prize money for tournament champions. It was said that every Maratha boy at the time could wrestle and even women took up the sport. During the colonial period, local princes sustained the popularity of kushti by hosting matches and competitions. Wrestling was the favourite spectator sport of the Rajputs, and were said to look forward to tournaments "with great anxiety". Every Rajput prince or chief had a number of wrestling champions to compete for his entertainment. The greatest wrestling centres were said to be Uttar Pradesh and the Panjab.
1.GST
The Goods and Services Tax or GST is scheduled to be launched on the 1st of July, and it is set to revolutionize the way we do our taxes. But what is GST Bill and how will it reform the current tax structure. And most importantly, why does the country need such a huge overhaul in its taxation policies? We answer these questions in this in-depth article.
Goods & Services Tax Law in India is a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based tax that will be levied on every value addition.
To understand this, we need to understand the concepts under this definition. Let us start with the term ‘Multi-stage’. Now, there are multiple steps an item goes through from manufacture or production to the final sale. Buying of raw materials is the first stage. The second stage is production or manufacture. Then, there is the warehousing of materials. Next, comes the sale of the product to the retailer. And in the final stage, the retailer sells you – the end consumer – the product, completing its life cycle.
Goods and Services Tax will be levied on each of these stages, which makes it a multi-stage tax. How? We will see that shortly, but before that, let us talk about ‘Value Addition’.
Let us assume that a manufacturer wants to make a shirt. For this he must buy yarn. This gets turned into a shirt after manufacture. So, the value of the yarn is increased when it gets woven into a shirt. Then, the manufacturer sells it to the warehousing agent who attaches labels and tags to each shirt. That is another addition of value after which the warehouse sells it to the retailer who packages each shirt separately and invests in marketing of the shirt thus increasing its value.
GST will be levied on these value additions – the monetary worth added at each stage to achieve the final sale to the end customer.
There is one more term we need to talk about in the definition – Destination-Based. Goods and Services Tax will be levied on all transactions happening during the entire manufacturing chain. Earlier, when a product was manufactured, the centre would levy an Excise Duty on the manufacture, and then the state will add a VAT tax when the item is sold to the next stage in the cycle. Then there would be a VAT at the next point of sale.
Now, Goods and Services Tax will be levied at every point of sale. Assume that the entire manufacture process is happening in Rajasthan and the final point of sale is in Karnataka. Since Goods & Services Tax is levied at the point of consumption, so the state of Rajasthan will get revenue in the manufacturing and warehousing stages, but lose out on the revenue when the product moves out Rajasthan and reaches the end consumer in Karnataka. This means that Karnataka will earn that revenue on the final sale, because it is a destination-based tax and this revenue will be collected at the final point of sale/destination which is Karnataka.
2.Usain Bolt
Usain St Leo Bolt, OJ, CD ; born 21 August 1986) is a Jamaican sprinter and currently the fastest human in the world. He is the first person to hold both the 100 metres and 200 metres world records since fully automatic time became mandatory. He also holds the world record as a part of the 4 × 100 metres relay. He is the reigning Olympic champion in these three events. Because of his unprecedented dominance and achievements in sprint competition, he is widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time.
An eight-time Olympic gold medalist, Bolt won the 100 m, 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay at three consecutive Olympic Games, although he subsequently lost one of the gold medals nine years after the fact due to teammate Nesta Carter's disqualification for doping offences. He gained worldwide popularity for his double sprint victory at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in world record times. Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive olympics (2008, 2012 and 2016), a feat referred to as the "triple double."
An eleven-time World Champion, he won consecutive World Championship 100 m, 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015, with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011. He is the most successful athlete of the World Championships and was the first athlete to win three titles in both the 100 m and 200 m at the competition.
Bolt improved upon his first 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 – the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing. He has twice broken the 200 metres world record, setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009. He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records, with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012. Bolt's most successful event is the 200 m, with three Olympic and four World titles. The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals (including 2007 World Championship silver) and holds the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event.
His achievements as a sprinter have earned him the media nickname "Lightning Bolt", and his awards include the IAAF World Athlete of the Year, Track & Field Athlete of the Year, and Laureus World Sportsman of the Year (four times). Bolt has stated that he intends to retire from athletics after the 2017 World Championships
Bolt was born on 21 August 1986 in Sherwood Content,a small town in Jamaica, the son of Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt. He has a brother named Sadiki and a sister named Sherine.His parents ran the local grocery store in the rural area, and Bolt spent his time playing cricket and football in the street with his brother, later saying, "When I was young, I didn't really think about anything other than sports." As a child, Bolt attended Waldensia Primary, where he first began to show his sprinting potential, running in the annual national primary-schools' meeting for his parish.By the age of twelve, Bolt had become the school's fastest runner over the 100 metres distance.
Upon his entry to William Knibb Memorial High School, Bolt continued to focus on other sports, but his cricket coach noticed Bolt's speed on the pitch and urged him to try track and field events. Pablo McNeil, a former Olympic sprint athlete,and Dwayne Jarrett coached Bolt, encouraging him to focus his energy on improving his athletic abilities. The school had a history of success in athletics with past students, including sprinter Michael Green.Bolt won his first annual high school championships medal in 2001, taking the silver medal in the 200 metres with a time of 22.04 seconds. McNeil soon became his primary coach, and the two enjoyed a positive partnership, although McNeil was occasionally frustrated by Bolt's lack of dedication to his training and his penchant for practical jokes
3.Vijender Singh
Vijender Singh Beniwal (born 29 October 1985), better known as Vijender Singh is an Indian professional boxer and the current WBO Asia Pacific Super Middleweight Champion and WBO Oriental Super Middleweight Champion from Kaluwas, Bhiwani district in Haryana. He was educated in his village, after which he received a bachelor's degree from a local college in Bhiwani. He practised boxing at the Bhiwani Boxing Club where coach Jagdish Singh recognised his talent and encouraged him to take up boxing. He was coached by the Indian Boxing Coach Gurbaksh Singh Sandhu.
Having won medals in different competitions at the national level, Vijender was picked to train and compete at several international level competitions such as the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games. At the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, he won the bronze medal after losing the semifinal bout against Kazakhstan's Bakhtiyar Artayev. At the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, he defeated Carlos Góngora of Ecuador 9–4 in the quarterfinals which garnered him a bronze medal—the first ever Olympic medal for an Indian boxer.
After this win, Vijender was given a number of awards, including the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award—India's highest sporting honour and Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour. In 2009, he participated at the World Amateur Boxing Championships where he won the bronze medal. In the same year, the International Boxing Association announced Vijender as the top-ranked boxer in its annual middleweight category list with 2800 points. Vijender represented India at the London 2012 Olympic Games.
On 29 June 2015, Vijender Singh bid adieu to his amateur career by turning professional as he signed a multi-year agreement with Queensberry Promotions through IOS Sports and Entertainment. This ruled him out of 2016 Olympics as he no longer remains eligible as an amateur.
Vijender Singh married Archana Singh on 17 May 2011. The couple have one child Arbir Singh.
The Goods and Services Tax or GST is scheduled to be launched on the 1st of July, and it is set to revolutionize the way we do our taxes. But what is GST Bill and how will it reform the current tax structure. And most importantly, why does the country need such a huge overhaul in its taxation policies? We answer these questions in this in-depth article.
Goods & Services Tax Law in India is a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based tax that will be levied on every value addition.
To understand this, we need to understand the concepts under this definition. Let us start with the term ‘Multi-stage’. Now, there are multiple steps an item goes through from manufacture or production to the final sale. Buying of raw materials is the first stage. The second stage is production or manufacture. Then, there is the warehousing of materials. Next, comes the sale of the product to the retailer. And in the final stage, the retailer sells you – the end consumer – the product, completing its life cycle.
Goods and Services Tax will be levied on each of these stages, which makes it a multi-stage tax. How? We will see that shortly, but before that, let us talk about ‘Value Addition’.
Let us assume that a manufacturer wants to make a shirt. For this he must buy yarn. This gets turned into a shirt after manufacture. So, the value of the yarn is increased when it gets woven into a shirt. Then, the manufacturer sells it to the warehousing agent who attaches labels and tags to each shirt. That is another addition of value after which the warehouse sells it to the retailer who packages each shirt separately and invests in marketing of the shirt thus increasing its value.
GST will be levied on these value additions – the monetary worth added at each stage to achieve the final sale to the end customer.
There is one more term we need to talk about in the definition – Destination-Based. Goods and Services Tax will be levied on all transactions happening during the entire manufacturing chain. Earlier, when a product was manufactured, the centre would levy an Excise Duty on the manufacture, and then the state will add a VAT tax when the item is sold to the next stage in the cycle. Then there would be a VAT at the next point of sale.
Now, Goods and Services Tax will be levied at every point of sale. Assume that the entire manufacture process is happening in Rajasthan and the final point of sale is in Karnataka. Since Goods & Services Tax is levied at the point of consumption, so the state of Rajasthan will get revenue in the manufacturing and warehousing stages, but lose out on the revenue when the product moves out Rajasthan and reaches the end consumer in Karnataka. This means that Karnataka will earn that revenue on the final sale, because it is a destination-based tax and this revenue will be collected at the final point of sale/destination which is Karnataka.
2.Usain Bolt
Usain St Leo Bolt, OJ, CD ; born 21 August 1986) is a Jamaican sprinter and currently the fastest human in the world. He is the first person to hold both the 100 metres and 200 metres world records since fully automatic time became mandatory. He also holds the world record as a part of the 4 × 100 metres relay. He is the reigning Olympic champion in these three events. Because of his unprecedented dominance and achievements in sprint competition, he is widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time.
An eight-time Olympic gold medalist, Bolt won the 100 m, 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay at three consecutive Olympic Games, although he subsequently lost one of the gold medals nine years after the fact due to teammate Nesta Carter's disqualification for doping offences. He gained worldwide popularity for his double sprint victory at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in world record times. Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive olympics (2008, 2012 and 2016), a feat referred to as the "triple double."
An eleven-time World Champion, he won consecutive World Championship 100 m, 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015, with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011. He is the most successful athlete of the World Championships and was the first athlete to win three titles in both the 100 m and 200 m at the competition.
Bolt improved upon his first 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 – the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing. He has twice broken the 200 metres world record, setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009. He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records, with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012. Bolt's most successful event is the 200 m, with three Olympic and four World titles. The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals (including 2007 World Championship silver) and holds the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event.
His achievements as a sprinter have earned him the media nickname "Lightning Bolt", and his awards include the IAAF World Athlete of the Year, Track & Field Athlete of the Year, and Laureus World Sportsman of the Year (four times). Bolt has stated that he intends to retire from athletics after the 2017 World Championships
Bolt was born on 21 August 1986 in Sherwood Content,a small town in Jamaica, the son of Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt. He has a brother named Sadiki and a sister named Sherine.His parents ran the local grocery store in the rural area, and Bolt spent his time playing cricket and football in the street with his brother, later saying, "When I was young, I didn't really think about anything other than sports." As a child, Bolt attended Waldensia Primary, where he first began to show his sprinting potential, running in the annual national primary-schools' meeting for his parish.By the age of twelve, Bolt had become the school's fastest runner over the 100 metres distance.
Upon his entry to William Knibb Memorial High School, Bolt continued to focus on other sports, but his cricket coach noticed Bolt's speed on the pitch and urged him to try track and field events. Pablo McNeil, a former Olympic sprint athlete,and Dwayne Jarrett coached Bolt, encouraging him to focus his energy on improving his athletic abilities. The school had a history of success in athletics with past students, including sprinter Michael Green.Bolt won his first annual high school championships medal in 2001, taking the silver medal in the 200 metres with a time of 22.04 seconds. McNeil soon became his primary coach, and the two enjoyed a positive partnership, although McNeil was occasionally frustrated by Bolt's lack of dedication to his training and his penchant for practical jokes
3.Vijender Singh
Vijender Singh Beniwal (born 29 October 1985), better known as Vijender Singh is an Indian professional boxer and the current WBO Asia Pacific Super Middleweight Champion and WBO Oriental Super Middleweight Champion from Kaluwas, Bhiwani district in Haryana. He was educated in his village, after which he received a bachelor's degree from a local college in Bhiwani. He practised boxing at the Bhiwani Boxing Club where coach Jagdish Singh recognised his talent and encouraged him to take up boxing. He was coached by the Indian Boxing Coach Gurbaksh Singh Sandhu.
Having won medals in different competitions at the national level, Vijender was picked to train and compete at several international level competitions such as the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games. At the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, he won the bronze medal after losing the semifinal bout against Kazakhstan's Bakhtiyar Artayev. At the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, he defeated Carlos Góngora of Ecuador 9–4 in the quarterfinals which garnered him a bronze medal—the first ever Olympic medal for an Indian boxer.
After this win, Vijender was given a number of awards, including the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award—India's highest sporting honour and Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour. In 2009, he participated at the World Amateur Boxing Championships where he won the bronze medal. In the same year, the International Boxing Association announced Vijender as the top-ranked boxer in its annual middleweight category list with 2800 points. Vijender represented India at the London 2012 Olympic Games.
On 29 June 2015, Vijender Singh bid adieu to his amateur career by turning professional as he signed a multi-year agreement with Queensberry Promotions through IOS Sports and Entertainment. This ruled him out of 2016 Olympics as he no longer remains eligible as an amateur.
Vijender Singh married Archana Singh on 17 May 2011. The couple have one child Arbir Singh.
1985–2003: Early life and foray into boxing
Vijender Singh was born in a Jat family on 29 October 1985 in Kaluwas village, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Bhiwani, Haryana. His father, Mahipal Singh Beniwal, is a driver with the Haryana Roadways, while his mother is a homemaker. His father drove extra hours for overtime pay so as to pay for Vijender and his elder brother Manoj's education. Vijender did his primary schooling in Kalwas, secondary schooling in Bhiwani middle from happy sr sec. school bhiwaniand finally received a bachelor's degree from Vaish College.In 1990, boxer Raj Kumar Sangwan got the Arjuna Award; so the craze for boxing in India increased. The sport became one of the main job avenues in Indian In order to ensure a better life for their poor family, Vijender and his elder brother Manoj decided to learn boxing. Vijender was inspired by his elder brother Manoj, a former boxer himself, to join the sport of boxing.After Manoj succeeded in entering the Indian Army in 1998 with his boxing credentials, he decided to support Vijender financially so he could continue his boxing training.Vijender's parents decided to not pressurise him to continue his studies, as they felt that he had a talent and passion for boxing. For Vijender, boxing quickly grew from an interest and passion to a career choice
He practiced at the Bhiwani Boxing Club, where former national-level boxer and Jagdish Singh recognised his talent. Working part-time, he even tried his hand at modelling to financially support his coaching.The first recognition for Vijender came when he won a bout in the state level competition. Vijender won a silver medal in his first sub-junior nationals in 1997 and went on to bag his first gold medal at the 2000 Nationals. In 2003, he became the all-India youth boxing champion. The turning point, however, came in the 2003 Afro-Asian Games. Despite being a junior boxer, Vijender took part in the selection trials and was picked for the meet where he fought valiantly to win a silver medal.
His boxing style, hooks and uppercut are compared by the media with the style of actor Sylvester Stallone as the character Rocky Balboa in the Rocky film series. Vijender cites him as one of his primary influences, along with boxers Mike Tyson and Muhammad Ali, and boxing promoter Don King.
Vijender with actress Amrita Rao during a ramp walk on a modelling show.
Vijender competed at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, in the welterweight division, but lost to Mustafa Karagollu of Turkey by a score of 20–25.At the 2006 Commonwealth Games, he defeated England's Neil Perkins in the semifinal but lost to South Africa's Bongani Mwelase in the final, thus leaving with a bronze medal.He decided to move up in weight and Vijender took part in the middleweight (75 kg) division at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, where he won the bronze medal in a lost semifinal bout against Kazakhstan's Bakhtiyar Artayev with the final score of 24–29. Initially Vijender was not supposed to compete because of a back injury, but he recovered in time to win the tournament and qualify for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
Vijender Singh was born in a Jat family on 29 October 1985 in Kaluwas village, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Bhiwani, Haryana. His father, Mahipal Singh Beniwal, is a driver with the Haryana Roadways, while his mother is a homemaker. His father drove extra hours for overtime pay so as to pay for Vijender and his elder brother Manoj's education. Vijender did his primary schooling in Kalwas, secondary schooling in Bhiwani middle from happy sr sec. school bhiwaniand finally received a bachelor's degree from Vaish College.In 1990, boxer Raj Kumar Sangwan got the Arjuna Award; so the craze for boxing in India increased. The sport became one of the main job avenues in Indian In order to ensure a better life for their poor family, Vijender and his elder brother Manoj decided to learn boxing. Vijender was inspired by his elder brother Manoj, a former boxer himself, to join the sport of boxing.After Manoj succeeded in entering the Indian Army in 1998 with his boxing credentials, he decided to support Vijender financially so he could continue his boxing training.Vijender's parents decided to not pressurise him to continue his studies, as they felt that he had a talent and passion for boxing. For Vijender, boxing quickly grew from an interest and passion to a career choice
He practiced at the Bhiwani Boxing Club, where former national-level boxer and Jagdish Singh recognised his talent. Working part-time, he even tried his hand at modelling to financially support his coaching.The first recognition for Vijender came when he won a bout in the state level competition. Vijender won a silver medal in his first sub-junior nationals in 1997 and went on to bag his first gold medal at the 2000 Nationals. In 2003, he became the all-India youth boxing champion. The turning point, however, came in the 2003 Afro-Asian Games. Despite being a junior boxer, Vijender took part in the selection trials and was picked for the meet where he fought valiantly to win a silver medal.
His boxing style, hooks and uppercut are compared by the media with the style of actor Sylvester Stallone as the character Rocky Balboa in the Rocky film series. Vijender cites him as one of his primary influences, along with boxers Mike Tyson and Muhammad Ali, and boxing promoter Don King.
Vijender with actress Amrita Rao during a ramp walk on a modelling show.
Vijender competed at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, in the welterweight division, but lost to Mustafa Karagollu of Turkey by a score of 20–25.At the 2006 Commonwealth Games, he defeated England's Neil Perkins in the semifinal but lost to South Africa's Bongani Mwelase in the final, thus leaving with a bronze medal.He decided to move up in weight and Vijender took part in the middleweight (75 kg) division at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, where he won the bronze medal in a lost semifinal bout against Kazakhstan's Bakhtiyar Artayev with the final score of 24–29. Initially Vijender was not supposed to compete because of a back injury, but he recovered in time to win the tournament and qualify for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
4.Language
Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.
Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken or signed, but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances.
Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement, and relies entirely on social convention and learning. Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication. Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems, acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality. This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume, and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions. Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain,
Languages evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur. A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family. The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English, Russian and Hindi; the Sino-Tibetan family, which includes Mandarin, Bodo and the other Chinese languages, and Tibetan; the Afro-Asiatic family, which includes Arabic, Somali, and Hebrew; the Bantu languages, which include Swahili, and Zulu, and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which include Indonesian, Malay, Tagalog, and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific. The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu. Academic consensus holds that between 50% and 90% of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100.
Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.
Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken or signed, but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, , and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances.
Human language has the properties of productivity and displacement, and relies entirely on social convention and learning. Its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication. Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gradually changing their primate communication systems, acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intentionality. This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume, and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions. Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain,
Languages evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur. A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family. The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages as diverse as English, Russian and Hindi; the Sino-Tibetan family, which includes Mandarin, Bodo and the other Chinese languages, and Tibetan; the Afro-Asiatic family, which includes Arabic, Somali, and Hebrew; the Bantu languages, which include Swahili, and Zulu, and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa; and the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which include Indonesian, Malay, Tagalog, and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the Pacific. The languages of the Dravidian family that are spoken mostly in Southern India include Tamil and Telugu. Academic consensus holds that between 50% and 90% of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100.
5.Kabaddi
Kabaddi is a contact team sport that originated on the Indian subcontinent in Andhra Pradesh. It is popular in South Asia and is the state game of the Indian states of Karnataka Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Punjab. It is also the national sport of Bangladesh
Two teams compete, each occupying its own half of the court. They take turns sending a "raider" into the opposing team's half and earn points if the raider manages to touch opposing team members and return to the home half, all while taking only a single breath. However, if the raider is tackled and prevented from returning, the opposing team gets the point.
Kabaddi originated in ancient Andhra Pradesh, a southern state of India.Modern kabaddi is therefore a synthesis of the game played in various forms under different names. Kabaddi received international exposure during the 1936 Berlin Olympics, demonstrated by India. The game was introduced in the Indian National Games at Calcutta in 1938. In 1950 the All India Kabaddi Federation (AIKF) came into existence and framed the rules. Kabaddi was introduced to and popularised in Japan in 1979 by Sundar Ram of India, who toured Japan on behalf of Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation for two months to introduce the game.In 1979, matches between Bangladesh and India were held across India. The first Asian Kabaddi Championship was held in 1980 and India emerged as champion, beating Bangladesh in the final. The other teams in the tournament were Nepal, Malaysia, and Japan. The game was included for the first time in the Asian Games in Beijing in 1990 where seven teams took part.
In the international team version of kabaddi, two teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of a field of 10 by 13 metres (33 ft × 43 ft) in case of men and 8 by 12 metres (26 ft × 39 ft) in case of women.Each has three supplementary players held in reserve. The game is played with 20-minute halves and a five-minute halftime break during which the teams exchange sides.
The teams take turns sending a "raider" into the other half. To win a point, the raider must take a breath, run into the opposing half, tag one or more members of the opposite team, then return to their home half before inhaling again.The raider will chant "kabaddi, kabaddi" with their exhaling breath to show the referee they have not inhaled.The raider will be declared "out" and will not gain the point if they inhale before returning to their side, or return without touching an opponent.The tagged defender will be "out" if they do not succeed in catching the raider who tagged them. Wrestling the raider to the ground can prevent them escaping before they need to inhale.
Defenders may not cross the centre line (the "lobby") of the field and the raider may not cross the boundary lines. However, there is one bonus line which can grant extra points for the raider if he manages to touch it and return successfully. Players who are out are temporarily sent off the field. Each time a player is out, the opposing team earns a point. A team scores a bonus of two points (called a "lona"), if the entire opposing team is declared out. At the end of the game, the team with the most points wins. Matches are categorised based on age and weight. Six officials supervise a match: one referee, two umpires, a scorer and two assistant scorers.
There are four major forms of kabaddi played in India which are recognised by the amateur federation. In Sanjeevani Kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out – one out. The game is played over 40 minutes with a five-minute break between halves. There are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent's side scores four extra points. In Gaminee style, seven players play on either side and a player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in ousting all the players of the opponent's side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration. Amar style resembles the Sanjeevani form in the time frame rule. But, a player who is declared out doesn’t leave the court, but instead stays inside, and the play goes along. For every player of the opposition touched ‘out,’ a team earns a point.Punjabi Kabaddi is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a diameter of 22 metres (72 ft)
Kabaddi is a contact team sport that originated on the Indian subcontinent in Andhra Pradesh. It is popular in South Asia and is the state game of the Indian states of Karnataka Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Punjab. It is also the national sport of Bangladesh
Two teams compete, each occupying its own half of the court. They take turns sending a "raider" into the opposing team's half and earn points if the raider manages to touch opposing team members and return to the home half, all while taking only a single breath. However, if the raider is tackled and prevented from returning, the opposing team gets the point.
Kabaddi originated in ancient Andhra Pradesh, a southern state of India.Modern kabaddi is therefore a synthesis of the game played in various forms under different names. Kabaddi received international exposure during the 1936 Berlin Olympics, demonstrated by India. The game was introduced in the Indian National Games at Calcutta in 1938. In 1950 the All India Kabaddi Federation (AIKF) came into existence and framed the rules. Kabaddi was introduced to and popularised in Japan in 1979 by Sundar Ram of India, who toured Japan on behalf of Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation for two months to introduce the game.In 1979, matches between Bangladesh and India were held across India. The first Asian Kabaddi Championship was held in 1980 and India emerged as champion, beating Bangladesh in the final. The other teams in the tournament were Nepal, Malaysia, and Japan. The game was included for the first time in the Asian Games in Beijing in 1990 where seven teams took part.
In the international team version of kabaddi, two teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of a field of 10 by 13 metres (33 ft × 43 ft) in case of men and 8 by 12 metres (26 ft × 39 ft) in case of women.Each has three supplementary players held in reserve. The game is played with 20-minute halves and a five-minute halftime break during which the teams exchange sides.
The teams take turns sending a "raider" into the other half. To win a point, the raider must take a breath, run into the opposing half, tag one or more members of the opposite team, then return to their home half before inhaling again.The raider will chant "kabaddi, kabaddi" with their exhaling breath to show the referee they have not inhaled.The raider will be declared "out" and will not gain the point if they inhale before returning to their side, or return without touching an opponent.The tagged defender will be "out" if they do not succeed in catching the raider who tagged them. Wrestling the raider to the ground can prevent them escaping before they need to inhale.
Defenders may not cross the centre line (the "lobby") of the field and the raider may not cross the boundary lines. However, there is one bonus line which can grant extra points for the raider if he manages to touch it and return successfully. Players who are out are temporarily sent off the field. Each time a player is out, the opposing team earns a point. A team scores a bonus of two points (called a "lona"), if the entire opposing team is declared out. At the end of the game, the team with the most points wins. Matches are categorised based on age and weight. Six officials supervise a match: one referee, two umpires, a scorer and two assistant scorers.
There are four major forms of kabaddi played in India which are recognised by the amateur federation. In Sanjeevani Kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out – one out. The game is played over 40 minutes with a five-minute break between halves. There are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent's side scores four extra points. In Gaminee style, seven players play on either side and a player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in ousting all the players of the opponent's side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration. Amar style resembles the Sanjeevani form in the time frame rule. But, a player who is declared out doesn’t leave the court, but instead stays inside, and the play goes along. For every player of the opposition touched ‘out,’ a team earns a point.Punjabi Kabaddi is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a diameter of 22 metres (72 ft)
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